Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

(make or intend to happen by power of mind)

  • 1 will

    will1 n
    1. voluntad / ganas
    2. testamento
    will2 vb
    1.
    when will they arrive? ¿cuándo llegarán?
    2.
    will you close that door, please? ¿quieres cerrar esa puerta, por favor?
    tr[wɪl]
    ■ it won't rain, will it? no lloverá, ¿verdad?
    ■ what will you do if she's late? ¿qué harás si llega tarde?
    2 (be disposed to, be willing to)
    ■ (no), I won't no quiero
    ■ I won't have it! ¡no lo permito!
    ■ will you stay for dinner? ¿quieres quedarte a cenar?
    ■ won't you take a seat? ¿quiere sentarse?, siéntese, por favor
    3 (requests) querer
    ■ will you do me a favour? ¿quieres hacerme un favor?
    ■ you won't forget to tell him, will you? no se te olvidará de decírselo, ¿verdad?
    ■ make me a cup of tea, will you? hazme una taza de té, ¿quieres?
    4 (general truths, custom)
    5 (orders, commands)
    ■ will you be quiet! ¡quieres callarte!, ¡cállate!
    6 (insistence, persistence) insistir en
    7 (can, possibility) poder
    8 (supposition, must, probability) deber de
    ■ that'll be John será John, debe de ser John
    ■ they'll be home by now ya estarán en casa, ya deben de estar en casa
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    if you will si así lo quiere
    I will (in wedding) sí, quiero
    will do muy bien, lo haré
    ————————
    tr[wɪl]
    1 (control, volition) voluntad nombre femenino; (free will) albedrío
    2 SMALLLAW/SMALL testamento, últimas nombre femenino plural voluntades
    ■ have you made a will? ¿has hecho (tu) testamento?
    2 formal use (intend, desire) querer, ordenar, mandar
    3 SMALLLAW/SMALL legar, dejar en testamento
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    against one's will contra su voluntad, a pesar suyo
    at will a voluntad
    of one's own free will por voluntad propia
    with a will con ilusión, con entusiasmo, con ganas
    will ['wɪl] v, past would ['wʊd] ; pres sing & pl will vi
    wish: querer
    do what you will: haz lo que quieras
    will v aux
    no one would take the job: nadie aceptaría el trabajo
    I won't do it: no lo haré
    he will get angry over nothing: se pone furioso por cualquier cosa
    tomorrow we will go shopping: mañana iremos de compras
    the couch will hold three people: en el sofá cabrán tres personas
    I will go despite them: iré a pesar de ellos
    that will be the mailman: eso ha de ser el cartero
    accidents will happen: los accidentes ocurrirán
    you will do as I say: harás lo que digo
    will vt
    1) ordain: disponer, decretar
    if God wills it: si Dios lo dispone, si Dios quiere
    2) : lograr a fuerza de voluntad
    they were willing him to succeed: estaban deseando que tuviera éxito
    3) bequeath: legar
    will n
    1) desire: deseo m, voluntad f
    2) volition: voluntad f
    free will: libre albedrío
    3) willpower: voluntad f, fuerza f de voluntad
    a will of iron: una voluntad férrea
    4) : testamento m
    to make a will: hacer testamento
    v.
    • legar v.
    • lograr por fuerza v.
    • querer v.
    (§pret: quis-) fut/c: querr-•)
    aux.
    n.
    • gusto s.m.
    • placer s.m.
    • testamento s.m.
    • volición s.f.
    • voluntad s.f.

    I
    1. wɪl
    modal verb (past would) [ 'll es la contracción de will, won't de will not y 'll've de will have]
    1)

    he'll come on Friday — vendrá el viernes, va a venir el viernes

    he said he would come on Friday — dijo que vendría or iba a venir el viernes

    he won't ever change his ways — no cambiará nunca, no va a cambiar nunca

    will you be staying at Jack's? — ¿te vas a quedar en casa de Jack?

    at the end of this month, he'll have been working here for a year — este fin de mes hará or va a hacer un año que trabaja aquí

    you won't leave without me, will you? — no te irás sin mí ¿no?

    b) ( expressing resolution) (with first person)

    I won't let you down — no te fallaré, no te voy a fallar

    2)

    will o would you do me a favor? — ¿quieres hacerme un favor?, ¿me haces un favor?

    b) ( in orders)

    be quiet, will you! — cállate, ¿quieres?, quieres callarte!

    will you have a drink? — ¿quieres tomar algo?

    you'll stay for dinner, won't you? — te quedas a cenar ¿no?

    won't they be having lunch now? — ¿no estarán comiendo ahora?

    you will have gathered that... — te habrás dado cuenta de que...

    4)
    a) (indicating habit, characteristic)

    he'd get drunk every Saturday — se emborrachaba or solía emborracharse todos los sábados

    he will jump to conclusions — él siempre tiene que precipitarse a sacar conclusiones

    you won't be told, will you? — qué cosa! ¿por qué no haces caso?


    2.
    vt (past & past p willed)
    1)
    a) (urge, try to cause)

    I was willing her to get the answer right — estaba deseando con todas mis fuerzas or con toda mi voluntad que diera la respuesta correcta

    b) (desire, ordain) (frml) \<\<God\>\> disponer*, querer*
    2) ( bequeath) legar*, dejar en testamento

    II
    1) u
    a) ( faculty) voluntad f
    b) (determination, willpower) voluntad f

    to break somebody's will — doblegar* a alguien

    to lose the will to live — perder* las ansias or las ganas de vivir

    where there's a will, there's a way — querer es poder

    c) (desire, intention) voluntad f

    it was God's will — Dios así lo quiso, fue la voluntad divina

    2) c ( testament) testamento m

    I [wɪl] (pt would)
    1. MODAL VB
    a)

    I will or I'll finish it tomorrow — lo terminaré mañana

    I will or I'll have finished it by tomorrow — lo habré terminado para mañana

    you won't lose it, will you? — no lo perderás ¿verdad?; (stronger) no lo vayas a perder

    you will come to see us, won't you? — vendrás a vernos, ¿no?

    what will you do? — ¿qué vas a hacer?

    I will do it! — ¡sí lo haré!

    no he won't! — ¡no lo hará!

    he will or he'll be there by now — ya debe de haber llegado or ya habrá llegado

    a) (in commands, insistence)

    will you sit down! — ¡siéntate!

    will you be quiet! — ¿te quieres callar?

    "I won't go" - "oh yes you will" — -no voy -¿cómo que no?

    I will not or I won't put up with it! — ¡no lo voy a consentir!

    I will not have it that... — no permito que se diga que... + subjun

    I will — (marriage service) sí quiero

    b) (in offers, requests, invitations, refusals)

    come on, I'll help you — venga, te ayudo

    will you help me? — ¿me ayudas?

    wait a moment, will you? — espera un momento, ¿quieres?

    will you have some tea? — ¿quieres tomar un té?

    will you sit down? — ¿quiere usted sentarse?, tome usted asiento more frm

    won't you come with us? — ¿no quieres venir con nosotros?

    a) soler, acostumbrar a

    she will read for hours on end — suele leer or acostumbra a leer durante horas y horas

    she will smoke, despite what the doctor says — a pesar de lo que dice el médico, se empeña en fumar

    if you will eat so much, you can hardly expect to be slim — si insistes en comer tanto, no pensarás adelgazar

    2.
    VI (=wish) querer

    (just) as you will! — ¡como quieras!

    do as you will — haz lo que quieras, haz lo que te parezca bien

    look where you will, you won't find one — mires donde mires, no vas a encontrar uno


    II [wɪl]
    1. N
    1) (=inclination, wish) voluntad f

    • against sb's will — contra la voluntad de algn

    • at will — a voluntad

    • to do sb's will — hacer la voluntad de algn

    • to do sth of one's own free will — hacer algo por voluntad propia

    • the will of God — la voluntad de Dios

    • iron will, will of iron — voluntad f de hierro

    • to have a will of one's own — tener voluntad propia

    • it is my will that you should do it — frm quiero que lo hagas

    • the will to win/live — el deseo de ganar/vivir

    • to work with a will — trabajar con ahinco

    • with the best will in the world — por mucho que se quiera

    ill 1., 2)
    2) (=testament) testamento m

    • the last will and testament of... — la última voluntad de...

    • to make a will — hacer testamento

    2. VT
    1) (=urge on by willpower) lograr a fuerza de voluntad
    2) (=ordain) ordenar, disponer
    3) (=leave in one's will)

    to will sth to sb — legar algo a algn, dejar algo (en herencia) a algn

    * * *

    I
    1. [wɪl]
    modal verb (past would) [ 'll es la contracción de will, won't de will not y 'll've de will have]
    1)

    he'll come on Friday — vendrá el viernes, va a venir el viernes

    he said he would come on Friday — dijo que vendría or iba a venir el viernes

    he won't ever change his ways — no cambiará nunca, no va a cambiar nunca

    will you be staying at Jack's? — ¿te vas a quedar en casa de Jack?

    at the end of this month, he'll have been working here for a year — este fin de mes hará or va a hacer un año que trabaja aquí

    you won't leave without me, will you? — no te irás sin mí ¿no?

    b) ( expressing resolution) (with first person)

    I won't let you down — no te fallaré, no te voy a fallar

    2)

    will o would you do me a favor? — ¿quieres hacerme un favor?, ¿me haces un favor?

    b) ( in orders)

    be quiet, will you! — cállate, ¿quieres?, quieres callarte!

    will you have a drink? — ¿quieres tomar algo?

    you'll stay for dinner, won't you? — te quedas a cenar ¿no?

    won't they be having lunch now? — ¿no estarán comiendo ahora?

    you will have gathered that... — te habrás dado cuenta de que...

    4)
    a) (indicating habit, characteristic)

    he'd get drunk every Saturday — se emborrachaba or solía emborracharse todos los sábados

    he will jump to conclusions — él siempre tiene que precipitarse a sacar conclusiones

    you won't be told, will you? — qué cosa! ¿por qué no haces caso?


    2.
    vt (past & past p willed)
    1)
    a) (urge, try to cause)

    I was willing her to get the answer right — estaba deseando con todas mis fuerzas or con toda mi voluntad que diera la respuesta correcta

    b) (desire, ordain) (frml) \<\<God\>\> disponer*, querer*
    2) ( bequeath) legar*, dejar en testamento

    II
    1) u
    a) ( faculty) voluntad f
    b) (determination, willpower) voluntad f

    to break somebody's will — doblegar* a alguien

    to lose the will to live — perder* las ansias or las ganas de vivir

    where there's a will, there's a way — querer es poder

    c) (desire, intention) voluntad f

    it was God's will — Dios así lo quiso, fue la voluntad divina

    2) c ( testament) testamento m

    English-spanish dictionary > will

  • 2 Will

    will1 n
    1. voluntad / ganas
    2. testamento
    will2 vb
    1.
    when will they arrive? ¿cuándo llegarán?
    2.
    will you close that door, please? ¿quieres cerrar esa puerta, por favor?
    tr[wɪl]
    ■ it won't rain, will it? no lloverá, ¿verdad?
    ■ what will you do if she's late? ¿qué harás si llega tarde?
    2 (be disposed to, be willing to)
    ■ (no), I won't no quiero
    ■ I won't have it! ¡no lo permito!
    ■ will you stay for dinner? ¿quieres quedarte a cenar?
    ■ won't you take a seat? ¿quiere sentarse?, siéntese, por favor
    3 (requests) querer
    ■ will you do me a favour? ¿quieres hacerme un favor?
    ■ you won't forget to tell him, will you? no se te olvidará de decírselo, ¿verdad?
    ■ make me a cup of tea, will you? hazme una taza de té, ¿quieres?
    4 (general truths, custom)
    5 (orders, commands)
    ■ will you be quiet! ¡quieres callarte!, ¡cállate!
    6 (insistence, persistence) insistir en
    7 (can, possibility) poder
    8 (supposition, must, probability) deber de
    ■ that'll be John será John, debe de ser John
    ■ they'll be home by now ya estarán en casa, ya deben de estar en casa
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    if you will si así lo quiere
    I will (in wedding) sí, quiero
    will do muy bien, lo haré
    ————————
    tr[wɪl]
    1 (control, volition) voluntad nombre femenino; (free will) albedrío
    2 SMALLLAW/SMALL testamento, últimas nombre femenino plural voluntades
    ■ have you made a will? ¿has hecho (tu) testamento?
    2 formal use (intend, desire) querer, ordenar, mandar
    3 SMALLLAW/SMALL legar, dejar en testamento
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    against one's will contra su voluntad, a pesar suyo
    at will a voluntad
    of one's own free will por voluntad propia
    with a will con ilusión, con entusiasmo, con ganas
    will ['wɪl] v, past would ['wʊd] ; pres sing & pl will vi
    wish: querer
    do what you will: haz lo que quieras
    will v aux
    no one would take the job: nadie aceptaría el trabajo
    I won't do it: no lo haré
    he will get angry over nothing: se pone furioso por cualquier cosa
    tomorrow we will go shopping: mañana iremos de compras
    the couch will hold three people: en el sofá cabrán tres personas
    I will go despite them: iré a pesar de ellos
    that will be the mailman: eso ha de ser el cartero
    accidents will happen: los accidentes ocurrirán
    you will do as I say: harás lo que digo
    will vt
    1) ordain: disponer, decretar
    if God wills it: si Dios lo dispone, si Dios quiere
    2) : lograr a fuerza de voluntad
    they were willing him to succeed: estaban deseando que tuviera éxito
    3) bequeath: legar
    will n
    1) desire: deseo m, voluntad f
    2) volition: voluntad f
    free will: libre albedrío
    3) willpower: voluntad f, fuerza f de voluntad
    a will of iron: una voluntad férrea
    4) : testamento m
    to make a will: hacer testamento
    v.
    • legar v.
    • lograr por fuerza v.
    • querer v.
    (§pret: quis-) fut/c: querr-•)
    aux.
    n.
    • gusto s.m.
    • placer s.m.
    • testamento s.m.
    • volición s.f.
    • voluntad s.f.

    I
    1. wɪl
    modal verb (past would) [ 'll es la contracción de will, won't de will not y 'll've de will have]
    1)

    he'll come on Friday — vendrá el viernes, va a venir el viernes

    he said he would come on Friday — dijo que vendría or iba a venir el viernes

    he won't ever change his ways — no cambiará nunca, no va a cambiar nunca

    will you be staying at Jack's? — ¿te vas a quedar en casa de Jack?

    at the end of this month, he'll have been working here for a year — este fin de mes hará or va a hacer un año que trabaja aquí

    you won't leave without me, will you? — no te irás sin mí ¿no?

    b) ( expressing resolution) (with first person)

    I won't let you down — no te fallaré, no te voy a fallar

    2)

    will o would you do me a favor? — ¿quieres hacerme un favor?, ¿me haces un favor?

    b) ( in orders)

    be quiet, will you! — cállate, ¿quieres?, quieres callarte!

    will you have a drink? — ¿quieres tomar algo?

    you'll stay for dinner, won't you? — te quedas a cenar ¿no?

    won't they be having lunch now? — ¿no estarán comiendo ahora?

    you will have gathered that... — te habrás dado cuenta de que...

    4)
    a) (indicating habit, characteristic)

    he'd get drunk every Saturday — se emborrachaba or solía emborracharse todos los sábados

    he will jump to conclusions — él siempre tiene que precipitarse a sacar conclusiones

    you won't be told, will you? — qué cosa! ¿por qué no haces caso?


    2.
    vt (past & past p willed)
    1)
    a) (urge, try to cause)

    I was willing her to get the answer right — estaba deseando con todas mis fuerzas or con toda mi voluntad que diera la respuesta correcta

    b) (desire, ordain) (frml) \<\<God\>\> disponer*, querer*
    2) ( bequeath) legar*, dejar en testamento

    II
    1) u
    a) ( faculty) voluntad f
    b) (determination, willpower) voluntad f

    to break somebody's will — doblegar* a alguien

    to lose the will to live — perder* las ansias or las ganas de vivir

    where there's a will, there's a way — querer es poder

    c) (desire, intention) voluntad f

    it was God's will — Dios así lo quiso, fue la voluntad divina

    2) c ( testament) testamento m
    [wɪl]
    N (familiar form) of William
    * * *

    I
    1. [wɪl]
    modal verb (past would) [ 'll es la contracción de will, won't de will not y 'll've de will have]
    1)

    he'll come on Friday — vendrá el viernes, va a venir el viernes

    he said he would come on Friday — dijo que vendría or iba a venir el viernes

    he won't ever change his ways — no cambiará nunca, no va a cambiar nunca

    will you be staying at Jack's? — ¿te vas a quedar en casa de Jack?

    at the end of this month, he'll have been working here for a year — este fin de mes hará or va a hacer un año que trabaja aquí

    you won't leave without me, will you? — no te irás sin mí ¿no?

    b) ( expressing resolution) (with first person)

    I won't let you down — no te fallaré, no te voy a fallar

    2)

    will o would you do me a favor? — ¿quieres hacerme un favor?, ¿me haces un favor?

    b) ( in orders)

    be quiet, will you! — cállate, ¿quieres?, quieres callarte!

    will you have a drink? — ¿quieres tomar algo?

    you'll stay for dinner, won't you? — te quedas a cenar ¿no?

    won't they be having lunch now? — ¿no estarán comiendo ahora?

    you will have gathered that... — te habrás dado cuenta de que...

    4)
    a) (indicating habit, characteristic)

    he'd get drunk every Saturday — se emborrachaba or solía emborracharse todos los sábados

    he will jump to conclusions — él siempre tiene que precipitarse a sacar conclusiones

    you won't be told, will you? — qué cosa! ¿por qué no haces caso?


    2.
    vt (past & past p willed)
    1)
    a) (urge, try to cause)

    I was willing her to get the answer right — estaba deseando con todas mis fuerzas or con toda mi voluntad que diera la respuesta correcta

    b) (desire, ordain) (frml) \<\<God\>\> disponer*, querer*
    2) ( bequeath) legar*, dejar en testamento

    II
    1) u
    a) ( faculty) voluntad f
    b) (determination, willpower) voluntad f

    to break somebody's will — doblegar* a alguien

    to lose the will to live — perder* las ansias or las ganas de vivir

    where there's a will, there's a way — querer es poder

    c) (desire, intention) voluntad f

    it was God's will — Dios así lo quiso, fue la voluntad divina

    2) c ( testament) testamento m

    English-spanish dictionary > Will

  • 3 go

    Ⅰ.
    go1 [gəʊ]
    (game) jeu m de go
    Ⅱ.
    go2 [gəʊ]
    aller ⇒ 1A (a)-(c), 1A (e), 1A (f), 1E (a)-(c), 1G (a), 2 (a) s'en aller ⇒ 1A (d) être ⇒ 1B (a) devenir ⇒ 1B (b) tomber en panne ⇒ 1B (c) s'user ⇒ 1B (d) se détériorer ⇒ 1B (e) commencer ⇒ 1C (a) aller (+ infinitif) ⇒ 1C (b), 1C (c) marcher ⇒ 1C (d) disparaître ⇒ 1D (a), 1D (c) se passer ⇒ 1E (d) s'écouler ⇒ 1E (e) s'appliquer ⇒ 1F (b) se vendre ⇒ 1F (e) contribuer ⇒ 1G (c) aller ensemble ⇒ 1H (a) tenir le coup ⇒ 1H (c) faire ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c) coup ⇒ 3 (a) essai ⇒ 3 (a) tour ⇒ 3 (b) dynamisme ⇒ 3 (c)
    (pl goes [gəʊz], 3rd pres sing goes [gəʊz], pt went [went], pp gone [gɒn])
    A.
    (a) (move, travel → person) aller; (→ vehicle) aller, rouler;
    ∎ we're going to Paris/Japan/Spain nous allons à Paris/au Japon/en Espagne;
    ∎ he went to the office/a friend's house il est allé au bureau/chez un ami;
    ∎ I want to go home je veux rentrer;
    ∎ the salesman went from house to house le vendeur est allé de maison en maison;
    ∎ we went by car/on foot nous y sommes allés en voiture/à pied;
    ∎ there goes the train! voilà le train (qui passe)!;
    ∎ the bus goes by way of or through Dover le bus passe par Douvres;
    ∎ does this train go to Glasgow? ce train va-t-il à Glasgow?;
    ∎ the truck was going at 150 kilometres an hour le camion roulait à ou faisait du 150 kilomètres (à l')heure;
    ∎ go behind those bushes va derrière ces arbustes;
    ∎ where do we go from here? où va-t-on maintenant?; figurative qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant?;
    ∎ to go to the doctor aller voir ou aller chez le médecin;
    ∎ he went straight to the director il est allé directement voir ou trouver le directeur;
    ∎ to go to prison aller en prison;
    ∎ to go to the toilet aller aux toilettes;
    ∎ to go to sb for advice aller demander conseil à qn;
    ∎ let the children go first laissez les enfants passer devant, laissez passer les enfants d'abord;
    ∎ I'll go next c'est à moi après;
    ∎ who goes next? (in game) c'est à qui (le tour)?;
    ∎ Military who goes there? qui va là?, qui vive?;
    ∎ here we go again! ça y est, ça recommence!;
    ∎ there he goes! le voilà!;
    ∎ there he goes again! (there he is again) le revoilà!; (he's doing it again) ça y est, il est reparti!
    ∎ to go shopping aller faire des courses;
    ∎ to go fishing/hunting aller à la pêche/à la chasse;
    ∎ to go riding aller faire du cheval;
    ∎ let's go for a walk/bike ride/swim allons nous promener/faire un tour à vélo/nous baigner;
    ∎ they went on a trip ils sont partis en voyage;
    ∎ British go and buy the paper, American go buy the paper va acheter le journal;
    ∎ I'll go to see her or American go see her tomorrow j'irai la voir demain;
    ∎ don't go and tell him!, don't go telling him! ne va pas le lui dire!, ne le lui dis pas!;
    ∎ don't go bothering your sister ne va pas embêter ta sœur;
    ∎ you had to go and tell him! il a fallu que tu le lui dises!;
    ∎ he's gone and locked us out! il est parti et nous a laissé à la porte!;
    ∎ you've gone and done it now! vraiment, tu as tout gâché!
    ∎ he'll go as high as £300 il ira jusqu'à 300 livres;
    ∎ the temperature went as high as 36° C la température est montée jusqu'à 36° C;
    ∎ he went so far as to say it was her fault il est allé jusqu'à dire que c'était de sa faute à elle;
    ∎ now you've gone too far! là tu as dépassé les bornes!;
    ∎ I'll go further and say he should resign j'irai plus loin et je dirai qu'il ou j'irai jusqu'à dire qu'il devrait démissionner;
    ∎ the temperature sometimes goes below zero la température descend ou tombe parfois au-dessous de zéro;
    ∎ her attitude went beyond mere impertinence son comportement était plus qu'impertinent
    (d) (depart, leave) s'en aller, partir;
    ∎ I must be going il faut que je m'en aille ou que je parte;
    ∎ they went early ils sont partis tôt;
    ∎ you may go vous pouvez partir;
    ∎ what time does the train go? à quelle heure part le train?;
    ∎ familiar get going! vas-y!, file!;
    ∎ archaic be gone! allez-vous-en!;
    ∎ either he goes or I go l'un de nous deux doit partir
    ∎ to go to church/school aller à l'église/l'école;
    ∎ to go to a meeting aller ou assister à une réunion;
    ∎ that road goes to the market square cette route va ou mène à la place du marché
    B.
    ∎ to go barefoot/naked se promener pieds nus/tout nu;
    ∎ to go armed porter une arme;
    ∎ her family goes in rags sa famille est en haillons;
    ∎ the job went unfilled le poste est resté vacant;
    ∎ to go unnoticed passer inaperçu;
    ∎ such crimes must not go unpunished de tels crimes ne doivent pas rester impunis
    (b) (become) devenir;
    ∎ my father is going grey mon père grisonne;
    ∎ she went white with rage elle a blêmi de colère;
    ∎ my hands went clammy mes mains sont devenues moites;
    ∎ the tea's gone cold le thé a refroidi;
    ∎ have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou?;
    ∎ to go bankrupt faire faillite;
    ∎ the country has gone Republican le pays est maintenant républicain
    (c) (stop working → engine) tomber en panne; (→ fuse) sauter; (→ bulb, lamp) sauter, griller;
    ∎ the battery's going la pile commence à être usée
    (d) (wear out) s'user; (split) craquer; (break) (se) casser;
    ∎ his trousers are going at the knees son pantalon s'use aux genoux;
    ∎ the jacket went at the seams la veste a craqué aux coutures
    (e) (deteriorate, fail → health) se détériorer; (→ hearing, sight) baisser;
    ∎ all his strength went and he fell to the floor il a perdu toutes ses forces et il est tombé par terre;
    ∎ his voice is going il devient aphone;
    ∎ his voice is gone il est aphone, il a une extinction de voix;
    ∎ her mind has started to go elle n'a plus toute sa tête ou toutes ses facultés
    C.
    ∎ what are we waiting for? let's go! qu'est-ce qu'on attend? allons-y!;
    ∎ familiar here goes!, here we go! allez!, on y va!;
    ∎ go! partez!;
    ∎ you'd better get going on or with that report! tu ferais bien de te mettre à ou de t'attaquer à ce rapport!;
    ∎ it won't be so hard once you get going ça ne sera pas si difficile une fois que tu seras lancé;
    ∎ familiar go to it! (get to work) au boulot!; (in encouragement) allez-y!
    ∎ to be going to do sth (be about to) aller faire qch, être sur le point de faire qch; (intend to) avoir l'intention de faire qch;
    ∎ you were just going to tell me about it vous étiez sur le point de ou vous alliez m'en parler;
    ∎ I was going to visit her yesterday but her mother arrived j'avais l'intention de ou j'allais lui rendre visite hier mais sa mère est arrivée
    ∎ are you going to be at home tonight? est-ce que vous serez chez vous ce soir?;
    ∎ we're going to do exactly as we please nous ferons ce que nous voulons;
    ∎ she's going to be a doctor elle va être médecin;
    ∎ there's going to be a storm il va y avoir un orage;
    ∎ he's going to have to work really hard il va falloir qu'il travaille très dur
    (d) (function → clock, machine) marcher, fonctionner; (start functioning) démarrer;
    ∎ is the fan going? est-ce que le ventilateur est en marche ou marche?;
    ∎ the car won't go la voiture ne veut pas démarrer;
    ∎ he had the television and the radio going il avait mis la télévision et la radio en marche;
    ∎ the washing machine is still going la machine à laver tourne encore, la lessive n'est pas terminée;
    ∎ to get sth going (car, machine) mettre qch en marche; (business, project) lancer qch;
    ∎ her daughter kept the business going sa fille a continué à faire marcher l'affaire;
    ∎ to keep a conversation/fire going entretenir une conversation/un feu
    (e) (sound → alarm clock, bell) sonner; (→ alarm, siren) retentir
    ∎ she went like this with her eyebrows elle a fait comme ça avec ses sourcils
    ∎ to go on radio/television passer à la radio/à la télévision
    D.
    (a) (disappear) disparaître;
    ∎ the snow has gone la neige a fondu ou disparu;
    ∎ all the sugar's gone il n'y a plus de sucre;
    ∎ my coat has gone mon manteau n'est plus là ou a disparu;
    ∎ all our money has gone (spent) nous avons dépensé tout notre argent; (lost) nous avons perdu tout notre argent; (stolen) on a volé tout notre argent;
    ∎ I don't know where the money goes these days l'argent disparaît à une vitesse incroyable ces temps-ci;
    ∎ gone are the days when he took her dancing elle est bien loin, l'époque où il l'emmenait danser
    ∎ the last paragraph must go il faut supprimer le dernier paragraphe;
    ∎ I've decided that car has to go j'ai décidé de me débarrasser de cette voiture;
    ∎ that new secretary has got to go il va falloir se débarrasser de la nouvelle secrétaire
    (c) euphemism (die) disparaître, s'éteindre;
    ∎ he is (dead and) gone il nous a quittés;
    ∎ his wife went first sa femme est partie avant lui;
    ∎ after I go... quand je ne serai plus là...
    E.
    (a) (extend, reach) aller, s'étendre;
    ∎ our property goes as far as the forest notre propriété va ou s'étend jusqu'au bois;
    ∎ the path goes right down to the beach le chemin descend jusqu'à la mer;
    ∎ figurative her thinking didn't go that far elle n'a pas poussé le raisonnement aussi loin;
    ∎ my salary doesn't go very far je ne vais pas loin avec mon salaire;
    ∎ money doesn't go very far these days l'argent part vite à notre époque;
    ∎ their difference of opinion goes deeper than I thought leur différend est plus profond que je ne pensais
    (b) (belong) aller, se mettre, se ranger;
    ∎ the dictionaries go on that shelf les dictionnaires se rangent ou vont sur cette étagère;
    ∎ where do the towels go? où est-ce qu'on met les serviettes?;
    ∎ that painting goes here ce tableau se met ou va là
    (c) (be contained in, fit) aller;
    ∎ this last sweater won't go in the suitcase ce dernier pull n'ira pas ou n'entrera pas dans la valise;
    ∎ the piano barely goes through the door le piano entre ou passe de justesse par la porte;
    ∎ this belt just goes round my waist cette ceinture est juste assez longue pour faire le tour de ma taille;
    ∎ the lid goes on easily enough le couvercle se met assez facilement
    (d) (develop, turn out) se passer;
    ∎ how did your interview go? comment s'est passé ton entretien?;
    ∎ I'll see how things go je vais voir comment ça se passe;
    ∎ we can't tell how things will go on ne sait pas comment ça se passera;
    ∎ everything went well tout s'est bien passé;
    ∎ if all goes well si tout va bien;
    ∎ the meeting went badly/well la réunion s'est mal/bien passée;
    ∎ the negotiations are going well les négociations sont en bonne voie;
    ∎ the vote went against them/in their favour le vote leur a été défavorable/favorable;
    ∎ everything was going fine until she showed up tout allait ou se passait très bien jusqu'à ce qu'elle arrive;
    ∎ everything went wrong ça a mal tourné;
    ∎ familiar how's it going?, how are things going? (comment) ça va?;
    ∎ the way things are going, we might both be out of a job soon au train où vont ou vu comment vont les choses, nous allons bientôt nous retrouver tous les deux au chômage
    (e) (time → elapse) s'écouler, passer; (→ last) durer;
    ∎ the journey went quickly je n'ai pas vu le temps passer pendant le voyage;
    ∎ there were only five minutes to go before… il ne restait que cinq minutes avant…;
    ∎ time goes so slowly when you're not here le temps me paraît tellement long quand tu n'es pas là;
    ∎ how's the time going? combien de temps reste-t-il?
    F.
    ∎ what your mother says goes! fais ce que dit ta mère!;
    ∎ whatever the boss says goes c'est le patron qui fait la loi;
    ∎ anything goes on fait ce qu'on veut
    (b) (be valid, hold true) s'appliquer;
    ∎ that rule goes for everyone cette règle s'applique à tout le monde;
    ∎ that goes for us too (that applies to us) ça s'applique à nous aussi; (we agree with that) nous sommes aussi de cet avis
    (c) (be expressed, run → report, story)
    ∎ the story or rumour goes that she left him le bruit court qu'elle l'a quitté;
    ∎ so the story goes du moins c'est ce que l'on dit ou d'après les on-dit;
    ∎ how does the story go? comment c'est cette histoire?;
    ∎ I forget how the poem goes now j'ai oublié le poème maintenant;
    ∎ how does the tune go? c'est quoi ou c'est comment, l'air?;
    ∎ her theory goes something like this sa théorie est plus ou moins la suivante
    ∎ to go by or under the name of répondre au nom de;
    ∎ he now goes by or under another name il se fait appeler autrement maintenant
    (e) (be sold) se vendre;
    ∎ flats are going cheap at the moment les appartements ne se vendent pas très cher en ce moment;
    ∎ the necklace went for £350 le collier s'est vendu 350 livres;
    ∎ going, going, gone! (at auction) une fois, deux fois, adjugé!
    G.
    (a) (be given → award, prize) aller, être donné; (→ inheritance, property) passer;
    ∎ the contract is to go to a private firm le contrat ira à une entreprise privée;
    ∎ credit should go to the teachers le mérite en revient aux enseignants;
    ∎ every penny will go to charity tout l'argent va ou est destiné à une œuvre de bienfaisance
    ∎ a small portion of the budget went on education une petite part du budget a été consacrée ou est allée à l'éducation;
    ∎ all his money goes on drink tout son argent part dans la boisson
    (c) (contribute) contribuer, servir;
    ∎ all that just goes to prove my point tout ça confirme bien ce que j'ai dit;
    ∎ it has all the qualities that go to make a good film ça a toutes les qualités d'un bon film
    (d) (have recourse) avoir recours, recourir;
    ∎ to go to arbitration recourir à l'arbitrage
    H.
    (a) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller ensemble;
    ∎ orange and mauve don't really go l'orange et le mauve ne vont pas vraiment ensemble
    ∎ let me know if you hear of any jobs going faites-moi savoir si vous entendez parler d'un emploi;
    ∎ are there any flats going for rent in this building? y a-t-il des appartements à louer dans cet immeuble?;
    ∎ familiar any whisky going? tu as un whisky à m'offrir?□
    (c) (endure) tenir le coup;
    ∎ we can't go much longer without water nous ne pourrons pas tenir beaucoup plus longtemps sans eau
    ∎ we'll only stop if you're really desperate to go on ne s'arrête que si tu ne tiens vraiment plus;
    ∎ I went before I came j'ai fait avant de venir
    ∎ 5 into 60 goes 12 60 divisé par 5 égale 12;
    ∎ 6 into 5 won't go 5 n'est pas divisible par 6
    ∎ she isn't bad, as teachers go elle n'est pas mal comme enseignante;
    ∎ as houses go, it's pretty cheap ce n'est pas cher pour une maison;
    ∎ as things go today par les temps qui courent;
    ∎ there goes my chance of winning a prize je peux abandonner tout espoir de gagner un prix;
    ∎ there you go again, always blaming other people ça y est, toujours à rejeter la responsabilité sur les autres;
    ∎ there you go! (here you are) tiens!; (I told you so) voilà!;
    ∎ there you go, two hamburgers and a coke et voici, deux hamburgers et un Coca;
    ∎ there you go, what did I tell you? voilà ou tiens, qu'est-ce que je t'avais dit!
    (a) (follow, proceed along) aller, suivre;
    ∎ if we go this way, we'll get there much more quickly si nous passons par là, nous arriverons bien plus vite
    (b) (travel) faire, voyager;
    ∎ we've only gone 5 kilometres nous n'avons fait que 5 kilomètres;
    ∎ she went the whole length of the street before coming back elle a descendu toute la rue avant de revenir
    ∎ ducks go "quack" les canards font "coin-coin";
    ∎ the clock goes "tick tock" l'horloge fait "tic tac";
    ∎ the gun went bang et pan! le coup est parti;
    ∎ familiar then he goes "hand it over" puis il fait "donne-le-moi"
    ∎ to go 10 risquer 10;
    ∎ Cards to go no/two trumps annoncer sans/deux atout(s);
    ∎ figurative to go one better (than sb) surenchérir (sur qn)
    ∎ I could really go a beer je me paierais bien une bière
    ∎ to go it (go fast) filer; (behave wildly) se défoncer;
    ∎ familiar how goes it? ça marche?
    3 noun
    (a) British (attempt, try) coup m, essai m;
    ∎ to have a go at sth/doing sth essayer qch/de faire qch;
    ∎ he had another go il a fait une nouvelle tentative, il a ressayé;
    ∎ let's have a go! essayons!; familiar (let me try) laisse-moi essayer!□ ;
    ∎ have another go! encore un coup!;
    ∎ I've never tried it but I'll give it a go je n'ai encore jamais fait l'expérience mais je vais essayer;
    ∎ she passed her exams first go elle a eu ses examens du premier coup;
    ∎ he knocked down all the skittles at one go il a renversé toutes les quilles d'un coup;
    ∎ £1 a go (at fair etc) une livre la partie ou le tour;
    ∎ to have a go on the dodgems faire un tour d'autos tamponneuses;
    ∎ he wouldn't let me have or give me a go (on his bicycle etc) il ne voulait pas me laisser l'essayer
    (b) British (in games → turn) tour m;
    ∎ it's your go c'est ton tour ou c'est à toi (de jouer);
    ∎ whose go is it? à qui de jouer?, à qui le tour?
    (c) familiar (energy, vitality) dynamisme□ m, entrain□ m;
    ∎ to be full of go avoir plein d'énergie, être très dynamique;
    ∎ she's got plenty of go elle est pleine d'entrain;
    ∎ the new man has no go in him le nouveau manque d'entrain
    (d) familiar (success) succès□ m, réussite□ f;
    ∎ he's made a go of the business il a réussi à faire marcher l'affaire;
    ∎ to make a go of a marriage réussir un mariage;
    ∎ I tried to persuade her but it was no go j'ai essayé de la convaincre mais il n'y avait rien à faire
    (e) (fashion) mode f;
    ∎ short hair is all the go les cheveux courts sont le dernier cri ou font fureur
    ∎ to have a go at sb (physically) rentrer dans qn; (verbally) passer un savon à qn;
    ∎ they had a real go at one another! qu'est-ce qu'ils se sont mis!;
    ∎ she had a go at her boyfriend elle a passé un de ces savons à son copain;
    ∎ British police have warned the public not to have a go, the fugitive may be armed la police a prévenu la population de ne pas s'en prendre au fugitif car il pourrait être armé;
    ∎ it's all go ça n'arrête pas!;
    ∎ all systems go! c'est parti!;
    ∎ the shuttle is go for landing la navette est bonne ou est parée ou a le feu vert pour l'atterrissage
    ∎ he must be going on fifty il doit approcher de la ou aller sur la cinquantaine;
    ∎ it was going on (for) midnight by the time we finished quand on a terminé, il était près de minuit
    ∎ I've been on the go all day je n'ai pas arrêté de toute la journée□ ;
    ∎ to be always on the go être toujours à trotter ou à courir, avoir la bougeotte;
    ∎ to keep sb on the go faire trimer qn
    ∎ I have several projects on the go at present j'ai plusieurs projets en route en ce moment□
    à faire;
    ∎ there are only three weeks/five miles to go il ne reste plus que trois semaines/cinq miles;
    ∎ five done, three to go cinq de faits, trois à faire
    esp American (to take out) two hamburgers to go deux hamburgers à emporter!
    (a) (move) circuler; (of rumour) courir;
    ∎ policemen usually go about in pairs en général, les policiers circulent par deux;
    ∎ you can't go about saying things like that! il ne faut pas raconter des choses pareilles!
    (b) Nautical (change tack) virer de bord
    (a) (get on with) s'occuper de;
    ∎ to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations
    (b) (set about) se mettre à;
    ∎ she showed me how to go about it elle m'a montré comment faire ou comment m'y prendre;
    ∎ how do you go about applying for the job? comment doit-on s'y prendre ou faire pour postuler l'emploi?
    (c) (country) parcourir
    ∎ her son goes about with an older crowd son fils fréquente des gens plus âgés que lui;
    ∎ he's going about with Rachel these days il sort avec Rachel en ce moment
    traverser
    traverser;
    ∎ your brother has just gone across to the shop ton frère est allé faire un saut au magasin en face
    (a) (follow) suivre
    (b) (pursue, seek → criminal) poursuivre; (→ prey) chasser; (→ job, prize) essayer d'obtenir;
    ∎ he goes after all the women il court après toutes les femmes;
    ∎ I'm going after that job je vais essayer d'obtenir cet emploi
    (a) (disregard) aller contre, aller à l'encontre de;
    ∎ she went against my advice elle n'a pas suivi mon conseil;
    ∎ I went against my mother's wishes je suis allé contre ou j'ai contrarié les désirs de ma mère
    (b) (conflict with) contredire;
    ∎ that goes against what he told me c'est en contradiction avec ou ça contredit ce qu'il m'a dit;
    ∎ the decision went against public opinion la décision est allée à l'encontre de ou a heurté l'opinion publique;
    ∎ it goes against my principles c'est contre mes principes
    (c) (be unfavourable to → of luck, situation) être contraire à; (→ of opinion) être défavorable à; (→ of behaviour, evidence) nuire à, être préjudiciable à;
    ∎ the verdict went against the defendant le verdict a été défavorable à l'accusé ou a été prononcé contre l'accusé;
    ∎ if luck should go against him si la chance lui était contraire;
    ∎ her divorce may go against her winning the election son divorce pourrait nuire à ses chances de gagner les élections
    (a) (precede) passer devant;
    ∎ he went ahead of us il est parti avant nous;
    ∎ I let him go ahead of me in the queue je l'ai fait passer devant moi dans la queue
    (b) (proceed) aller de l'avant;
    ∎ go ahead! tell me! vas-y! dis-le-moi!;
    ∎ the mayor allowed the demonstrations to go ahead le maire a permis aux manifestations d'avoir lieu;
    ∎ the move had gone ahead as planned le déménagement s'était déroulé comme prévu;
    ∎ to go ahead with sth démarrer qch;
    ∎ they're going ahead with the project after all ils ont finalement décidé de mener le projet à bien;
    ∎ he went ahead and did it (without hesitating) il l'a fait sans l'ombre d'une hésitation; (despite warnings) rien ne l'a arrêté
    (c) (advance, progress) progresser, faire des progrès
    ∎ go along and ask your mother va demander à ta mère;
    ∎ she went along with them to the fair elle les a accompagnés ou elle est allée avec eux à la foire;
    ∎ we can talk it over as we go along nous pouvons en discuter en chemin ou en cours de route;
    ∎ I just make it up as I go along j'invente au fur et à mesure
    (b) (progress) se dérouler, se passer;
    ∎ things were going along nicely tout allait ou se passait bien
    (c) (go to meeting, party etc) aller
    (decision, order) accepter, s'incliner devant; (rule) observer, respecter;
    ∎ that's what they decided and I went along with it c'est la décision qu'ils ont prise et je l'ai acceptée;
    ∎ I go along with the committee on that point je suis d'accord avec ou je soutiens le comité sur ce point;
    ∎ I can't go along with you on that je ne suis pas d'accord avec vous là-dessus;
    ∎ he went along with his father's wishes il s'est conformé aux ou a respecté les désirs de son père
    (a) (habitually) passer son temps à;
    ∎ he goes around mumbling to himself il passe son temps à radoter;
    ∎ she just goes around annoying everyone elle passe son temps à énerver tout le monde;
    ∎ he goes around in black leather il se promène toujours en ou il est toujours habillé en cuir noir
    (b) (document, illness) circuler; (gossip, rumour) courir, circuler
    ∎ will that belt go around your waist? est-ce que cette ceinture sera assez grande pour toi?
    familiar (attack → food) attaquer, se jeter sur; (→ job, task) s'attaquer à; (→ person) attaquer;
    ∎ they were still going at it the next day ils y étaient encore le lendemain;
    ∎ she went at the cleaning with a will elle s'est attaquée au nettoyage avec ardeur
    partir, s'en aller;
    ∎ go away! va-t'en!;
    ∎ I'm going away for a few days je pars pour quelques jours;
    ∎ she's gone away to think about it elle est partie réfléchir
    (a) (return) revenir, retourner;
    ∎ she went back to bed elle est retournée au lit, elle s'est recouchée;
    ∎ to go back to sleep se rendormir;
    ∎ they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ou à la maison;
    ∎ I went back downstairs/upstairs je suis redescendu/remonté;
    ∎ to go back to work (continue task) se remettre au travail; (return to place of work) retourner travailler; (return to employment) reprendre le travail;
    ∎ to go back on one's steps rebrousser chemin, revenir sur ses pas;
    ∎ let's go back to chapter two revenons ou retournons au deuxième chapitre;
    ∎ we went back to the beginning nous avons recommencé;
    ∎ let's go back to why you said that revenons à la question de savoir pourquoi vous avez dit ça;
    ∎ the clocks go back one hour today on retarde les pendules d'une heure aujourd'hui
    (b) (retreat) reculer;
    ∎ go back! recule!
    (c) (revert) revenir;
    ∎ we went back to the old system nous sommes revenus à l'ancien système;
    ∎ he went back to his old habits il a repris ses anciennes habitudes;
    ∎ the conversation kept going back to the same subject la conversation revenait sans cesse sur le même sujet;
    ∎ men are going back to wearing their hair long les hommes reviennent aux cheveux longs ou se laissent à nouveau pousser les cheveux
    (d) (in time) remonter;
    ∎ our records go back to 1850 nos archives remontent à 1850;
    ∎ this building goes back to the Revolution ce bâtiment date de ou remonte à la Révolution;
    ∎ familiar we go back a long way, Brad and me ça remonte à loin, Brad et moi
    (e) (extend, reach) s'étendre;
    ∎ the garden goes back 150 metres le jardin s'étend sur 150 mètres
    (fail to keep → agreement) rompre, violer; (→ promise) manquer à, revenir sur;
    ∎ they went back on their decision ils sont revenus sur leur décision;
    ∎ he won't go back on his word il ne manquera pas à sa parole
    (precede) passer devant; (happen before) précéder;
    ∎ that question has nothing to do with what went before cette question n'a rien à voir avec ce qui précède ou avec ce qui a été dit avant;
    ∎ the election was like nothing that had gone before l'élection ne ressemblait en rien aux précédentes;
    ∎ euphemism those who have gone before (the dead) ceux qui nous ont précédés
    (a) (precede) précéder;
    ∎ we are indebted to those who have gone before us nous devons beaucoup à ceux qui nous ont précédés
    ∎ your suggestion will go before the committee votre suggestion sera soumise au comité;
    ∎ to go before a judge/jury passer devant un juge/un jury;
    ∎ the matter went before the court l'affaire est allée devant les tribunaux
    Nautical descendre dans l'entrepont
    ➲ go by
    (pass → car, person) passer; (→ time) passer, s'écouler;
    ∎ as the years go by avec les années, à mesure que les années passent;
    ∎ in days or in times or in years gone by autrefois, jadis;
    ∎ to let an opportunity go by laisser passer une occasion
    (a) (act in accordance with, be guided by) suivre, se baser sur;
    ∎ don't go by the map ne vous fiez pas à la carte;
    ∎ I'll go by what the boss says je me baserai sur ce que dit le patron;
    ∎ he goes by the rules il suit le règlement
    (b) (judge by) juger d'après;
    ∎ going by her accent, I'd say she's from New York si j'en juge d'après son accent, je dirais qu'elle vient de New York;
    ∎ you can't go by appearances on ne peut pas juger d'après ou sur les apparences
    ∎ to go by a different/false name être connu sous un nom différent/un faux nom;
    ∎ the product goes by the name of "Bango" in France ce produit est vendu sous le nom de "Bango" en France
    ➲ go down
    (a) (descend, move to lower level) descendre;
    ∎ he went down on all fours or on his hands and knees il s'est mis à quatre pattes;
    ∎ going down! (in lift) on descend!, pour descendre!
    (b) (proceed, travel) aller;
    ∎ we're going down to Tours/the country/the shop nous allons à Tours/à la campagne/au magasin
    (c) (set → moon, sun) se coucher, tomber
    (d) (sink → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)
    (e) (decrease, decline → level, price, quality) baisser; (→ amount, numbers) diminuer; (→ rate, temperature) baisser, s'abaisser; (→ fever) baisser, tomber; (→ tide) descendre;
    ∎ the dollar is going down in value le dollar perd de sa valeur, le dollar est en baisse;
    ∎ eggs are going down (in price) le prix des œufs baisse;
    ∎ my weight has gone down j'ai perdu du poids;
    ∎ he's gone down in my estimation il a baissé dans mon estime;
    ∎ the neighbourhood's really gone down since then le quartier ne s'est vraiment pas arrangé depuis;
    ∎ to have gone down in the world avoir connu des jours meilleurs
    (f) (become less swollen → swelling) désenfler, dégonfler; (→ balloon, tyre) se dégonfler
    (g) (food, medicine) descendre;
    ∎ this wine goes down very smoothly ce vin se laisse boire (comme du petit-lait)
    ∎ a cup of coffee would go down nicely une tasse de café serait la bienvenue;
    ∎ his speech went down badly/well son discours a été mal/bien reçu;
    ∎ how will the proposal go down with the students? comment les étudiants vont-ils prendre la proposition?;
    ∎ that kind of talk doesn't go down well with me je n'apprécie pas du tout ce genre de propos
    (i) (lose) être battu;
    ∎ Mexico went down to Germany le Mexique s'est incliné devant l'Allemagne;
    ∎ Madrid went down to Milan by three points Milan a battu Madrid de trois points;
    ∎ I'm not going to go down without a fight je me battrai jusqu'à la fin
    (j) (be relegated) descendre;
    ∎ our team has gone down to the second division notre équipe est descendue en deuxième division
    (k) (be noted, recorded) être noté; (in writing) être pris ou couché par écrit;
    ∎ this day will go down in history ce jour restera une date historique;
    ∎ she will go down in history as a woman of great courage elle entrera dans l'histoire grâce à son grand courage
    (l) (reach as far as) descendre, s'étendre;
    ∎ this path goes down to the beach ce sentier va ou descend à la plage
    (m) (continue as far as) aller, continuer;
    ∎ go down to the end of the street allez ou continuez jusqu'en bas de la rue
    (n) British University entrer dans la période des vacances
    (p) Computing tomber en panne; (of computer network) planter;
    ∎ the computer's gone down l'ordinateur est en panne
    (q) Music (lower pitch) descendre
    ∎ how long do you think he'll go down for? il écopera de combien, à ton avis?;
    ∎ he went down for three years il a écopé de trois ans
    (s) American familiar (happen) se passer□
    (hill, stairs, ladder, street) descendre;
    ∎ my food went down the wrong way j'ai avalé de travers;
    ∎ Music the pianist went down an octave le pianiste a joué une octave plus bas ou a descendu d'une octave;
    ∎ British School to go down a class descendre d'une classe;
    ∎ figurative I don't want to go down that road je ne veux pas m'engager là-dedans
    vulgar (fellate) sucer, tailler ou faire une pipe à; (perform cunnilingus on) sucer, brouter le cresson à
    tomber malade de;
    ∎ he went down with pneumonia/the flu il a attrapé une pneumonie/la grippe
    (a) (fetch) aller chercher;
    ∎ he went for a doctor il est allé ou parti chercher un médecin
    (b) (try to obtain) essayer d'obtenir, viser;
    ∎ she's going for his job elle va essayer d'obtenir son poste;
    ∎ familiar go for it! vas-y!;
    ∎ I'd go for it if I were you! à ta place, je n'hésiterais pas!;
    ∎ she was really going for it elle donnait vraiment son maximum
    (c) (attack → physically) tomber sur, s'élancer sur; (→ verbally) s'en prendre à;
    ∎ dogs usually go for the throat en général, les chiens attaquent à la gorge;
    ∎ they went for each other (physically) ils se sont jetés l'un sur l'autre; (verbally) ils s'en sont pris l'un à l'autre;
    ∎ the newspapers really went for the senator les journaux s'en sont pris au sénateur sans retenue;
    ∎ go for him! (to dog) attaque!
    (d) familiar (like) aimer□, adorer□ ;
    ∎ I don't really go for that idea l'idée ne me dit pas grand-chose;
    ∎ he really goes for her in a big way il est vraiment fou d'elle
    (e) (choose, prefer) choisir, préférer
    (f) (apply to, concern) concerner, s'appliquer à;
    ∎ what I said goes for both of you ce que j'ai dit vaut pour ou s'applique à vous deux;
    ∎ pollution is a real problem in Paris - that goes for Rome too la pollution pose un énorme problème à Paris - c'est la même chose à Rome;
    ∎ and the same goes for me et moi aussi
    (g) (have as result) servir à;
    ∎ his twenty years of service went for nothing ses vingt ans de service n'ont servi à rien
    ∎ she has a lot going for her elle a beaucoup d'atouts;
    ∎ that idea hasn't got much going for it frankly cette idée n'est franchement pas très convaincante
    (a) (leave) sortir;
    ∎ the army went forth into battle l'armée s'est mise en route pour la bataille;
    ∎ Bible go forth and multiply croissez et multipliez-vous
    (b) (be pronounced) être prononcé; (be published) paraître;
    ∎ the command went forth that… il fut décrété que…
    (s')avancer;
    ∎ the clocks go forward tomorrow on avance les pendules demain;
    ∎ if this scheme goes forward… si ce projet est accepté…
    (a) (enter) entrer, rentrer;
    ∎ it's cold - let's go in il fait froid - entrons;
    ∎ it's too big, it won't go in c'est trop grand, ça ne rentrera pas
    (b) (disappear → moon, sun) se cacher
    (c) Sport (in cricket) prendre son tour au guichet
    (d) Military (attack) attaquer
    (a) (engage in → activity, hobby, sport) pratiquer, faire; (→ occupation) se consacrer à; (→ politics) s'occuper de, faire;
    ∎ she went in for company law elle s'est lancée dans le droit commercial;
    ∎ he thought about going in for teaching il a pensé devenir enseignant
    (b) familiar (be interested in) s'intéresser à□ ; (like) aimer□ ;
    ∎ I don't go in much for opera je n'aime pas trop l'opéra, l'opéra ne me dit rien;
    ∎ he goes in for special effects in a big way il est très branché effets spéciaux;
    ∎ we don't go in for that kind of film nous n'aimons pas ce genre de film;
    ∎ this publisher doesn't really go in for fiction cet éditeur ne fait pas tellement dans le roman
    ∎ they don't go in for injections so much nowadays ils ne sont pas tellement pour les piqûres de nos jours;
    ∎ why do scientists go in for all that jargon? pourquoi est-ce que les scientifiques utilisent tout ce jargon?
    (d) (take part in → competition, race) prendre part à; (→ examination) se présenter à
    (e) (apply for → job, position) poser sa candidature à, postuler
    (a) (enter → building, house) entrer dans; (→ activity, profession) entrer à ou dans; (→ politics, business) se lancer dans;
    ∎ she's gone into hospital elle est (r)entrée à l'hôpital;
    ∎ to go into the army (as profession) devenir militaire de carrière; (as conscript) partir au service;
    ∎ he went into medicine il a choisi la médecine
    (b) (be invested → of effort, money, time)
    ∎ a lot of care had gone into making her feel at home on s'était donné beaucoup de peine pour la mettre à l'aise;
    ∎ two months of research went into our report nous avons mis ou investi deux mois de recherche dans notre rapport
    (c) (embark on → action) commencer à; (→ explanation, speech) se lancer ou s'embarquer dans, (se mettre à) donner; (→ problem) aborder;
    ∎ I'll go into the problem of your taxes later j'aborderai le problème de vos impôts plus tard;
    ∎ the car went into a skid la voiture a commencé à déraper;
    ∎ to go into hysterics avoir une crise de nerfs;
    ∎ to go into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire
    (d) (examine, investigate) examiner, étudier;
    ∎ you need to go into the question more deeply vous devez examiner le problème de plus près;
    ∎ the matter is being gone into l'affaire est à l'étude
    (e) (explain in depth) entrer dans;
    ∎ the essay goes into the moral aspects of the question l'essai aborde les aspects moraux de la question;
    ∎ I won't go into details je ne vais pas entrer dans les détails;
    ∎ let's not go into that ne parlons pas de ça
    (f) (begin to wear) se mettre à porter;
    ∎ to go into mourning prendre le deuil
    (g) (hit, run into) entrer dans;
    ∎ a car went into him une voiture lui est rentrée dedans
    (h) Computing (file, program) aller dans;
    ∎ to go into a file aller dans un fichier
    ➲ go off
    (a) (leave) partir, s'en aller;
    ∎ she went off to work elle est partie travailler;
    ∎ her husband has gone off and left her son mari l'a quittée;
    ∎ Theatre the actors went off les acteurs ont quitté la scène
    (b) (stop operating → light, radio) s'éteindre; (→ heating) s'éteindre, s'arrêter; (→ pain) partir, s'arrêter;
    ∎ the electricity went off l'électricité a été coupée
    (c) (become activated → bomb, firework) exploser; (→ gun) partir; (→ alarm, alarm clock) sonner;
    ∎ the grenade went off in her hand la grenade a explosé dans sa main;
    ∎ the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti;
    ∎ figurative to go off into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire
    ∎ the interview went off badly/well l'entretien s'est mal/bien passé;
    ∎ her speech went off well son discours a été bien reçu
    (e) (fall asleep) s'endormir
    (f) British (deteriorate → food) s'avarier, se gâter; (→ milk) tourner; (→ butter) rancir; (→ athlete, sportsperson) perdre sa forme;
    ∎ the play goes off in the second half la pièce se gâte pendant la seconde partie
    British familiar (stop liking) perdre le goût de□ ;
    ∎ he's gone off classical music/smoking il n'aime plus la musique classique/fumer, la musique classique/fumer ne l'intéresse plus;
    ∎ I've gone off the idea cette idée ne me dit plus rien;
    ∎ she's gone off her boyfriend son copain ne l'intéresse plus;
    ∎ funny how you can go off people c'est drôle comme on se lasse des gens parfois
    (a) (leave with) partir avec;
    ∎ he went off with the woman next door il est parti avec la voisine
    (b) (make off with) partir avec;
    ∎ someone has gone off with his keys quelqu'un est parti avec ses clés;
    ∎ he went off with the jewels il s'est enfui avec les bijoux
    ➲ go on
    (a) (move, proceed) aller; (without stopping) poursuivre son chemin; (after stopping) repartir, se remettre en route;
    ∎ you go on, I'll catch up allez-y, je vous rattraperai (en chemin);
    ∎ they went on without us ils sont partis sans nous;
    ∎ after dinner they went on to Susan's house après le dîner, ils sont allés chez Susan;
    ∎ we went on home nous sommes rentrés
    (b) (continue action) continuer;
    ∎ she went on (with her) reading elle a continué à ou de lire;
    ∎ the chairman went on speaking le président a continué son discours;
    ∎ "and that's not all", he went on "et ce n'est pas tout", a-t-il poursuivi;
    ∎ you can't go on being a student for ever! tu ne peux pas être étudiant toute ta vie!;
    ∎ go on looking! cherchez encore!;
    ∎ go on, ask her vas-y, demande-lui;
    ∎ familiar go on, be a devil vas-y, laisse-toi tenter!;
    ∎ go on, I'm listening continuez, je vous écoute;
    ∎ I can't go on like this! je ne peux plus continuer comme ça!;
    ∎ if he goes on like this, he'll get fired s'il continue comme ça, il va se faire renvoyer;
    ∎ their affair has been going on for years leur liaison dure depuis des années;
    ∎ the party went on into the small hours la soirée s'est prolongée jusqu'à très tôt le matin;
    ∎ life goes on la vie continue ou va son train;
    ∎ British familiar go on (with you)! allons, arrête de me faire marcher!;
    ∎ they have enough (work) to be going on with ils ont du pain sur la planche ou de quoi faire pour le moment;
    ∎ here's £25 to be going on with voilà 25 livres pour te dépanner
    ∎ he went on to explain why il a ensuite expliqué pourquoi;
    ∎ to go on to another question passer à une autre question;
    ∎ she went on to become a doctor elle est ensuite devenue médecin
    (d) (be placed, fit) aller;
    ∎ the lid goes on this way le couvercle se met comme ça;
    ∎ I can't get the lid to go on je n'arrive pas à mettre le couvercle;
    ∎ the cap goes on the other end le bouchon se met ou va sur l'autre bout
    (e) (happen, take place) se passer;
    ∎ what's going on here? qu'est-ce qui se passe ici?;
    ∎ there was a fight going on il y avait une bagarre;
    ∎ a lot of cheating goes on during the exams on triche beaucoup pendant les examens;
    ∎ several conversations were going on at once il y avait plusieurs conversations à la fois;
    ∎ while the war was going on pendant la guerre
    (f) (elapse) passer, s'écouler;
    ∎ as the week went on au fur et à mesure que la semaine passait;
    ∎ as time goes on avec le temps, à mesure que le temps passe
    (g) familiar (chatter, talk) parler□, jacasser□ ;
    ∎ she does go on! elle n'arrête pas de parler!, c'est un vrai moulin à paroles!;
    ∎ he goes on and on about politics il parle politique sans cesse;
    ∎ don't go on about it! ça va, on a compris!;
    ∎ I don't want to go on about it, but... je ne voudrais pas avoir l'air d'insister, mais...;
    ∎ what are you going on about now? qu'est-ce que vous racontez?
    (h) familiar (act, behave) se conduire□, se comporter□ ;
    ∎ what a way to go on! en voilà des manières!
    (i) (start operating → light, radio, television) s'allumer; (→ heating, motor, power) s'allumer, se mettre en marche
    (j) Sport (player) prendre sa place, entrer en jeu
    (k) Theatre (actor) entrer en scène
    ∎ he's going on for forty il va sur ses quarante ans
    (a) (enter → boat, train) monter dans
    ∎ to go on a journey/a holiday partir en voyage/en vacances;
    ∎ to go on a diet se mettre au régime
    (c) (be guided by) se laisser guider par, se fonder ou se baser sur;
    ∎ the detective didn't have much to go on le détective n'avait pas grand-chose sur quoi s'appuyer ou qui puisse le guider;
    ∎ she goes a lot on instinct elle se fie beaucoup à ou se fonde beaucoup sur son instinct
    ∎ he's going on forty-five il va sur ses quarante-cinq ans;
    ∎ humorous she's fifteen going on forty-five (wise) elle a quinze ans mais elle est déjà très mûre; (old beyond her years) elle a quinze ans mais elle est vieille avant l'âge
    (e) British familiar (usu neg) (appreciate, like) aimer□ ;
    ∎ I don't go much on abstract art l'art abstrait ne me dit pas grand-chose
    familiar (criticize) critiquer□ ; (nag) s'en prendre à□ ;
    ∎ the boss went on and on at her at the meeting le patron n'a pas cessé de s'en prendre à elle pendant la réunion;
    ∎ he's always going on at his wife about money il est toujours sur le dos de sa femme avec les questions d'argent;
    ∎ I went on at my mother to go and see the doctor j'ai embêté ma mère pour qu'elle aille voir le médecin;
    ∎ don't go on at me! laisse-moi tranquille!
    (a) (leave) sortir;
    ∎ my parents made us go out of the room mes parents nous ont fait sortir de la pièce ou quitter la pièce;
    ∎ to go out for a meal aller au restaurant;
    ∎ to go out to dinner sortir dîner;
    ∎ to go out for a walk aller se promener, aller faire une promenade;
    ∎ she's gone out to get a paper elle est sortie (pour) acheter un journal;
    ∎ they went out to the country ils sont allés ou ils ont fait une sortie à la campagne;
    ∎ she goes out to work elle travaille en dehors de la maison ou hors de chez elle;
    ∎ he went out of her life il est sorti de sa vie;
    ∎ she was dressed to go out (ready to leave) elle était prête à sortir; (dressed up) elle était très habillée
    (b) (travel) partir; (emigrate) émigrer;
    ∎ they went out to Africa (travelled) ils sont partis en Afrique; (emigrated) ils sont partis vivre ou ils ont émigré en Afrique
    (c) (date) sortir;
    ∎ to go out with sb sortir avec qn;
    ∎ we've been going out together for a month ça fait un mois que nous sortons ensemble
    (d) (fire, light) s'éteindre
    (e) (disappear) disparaître;
    ∎ the joy went out of her eyes la joie a disparu de son regard;
    ∎ the spring went out of his step il a perdu sa démarche légère;
    ∎ all the heart went out of her elle a perdu courage
    (f) (cease to be fashionable) passer de mode, se démoder;
    ∎ to go out of style/fashion ne plus être le bon style/à la mode;
    ∎ familiar that hairstyle went out with the ark cette coiffure remonte au déluge
    (g) (tide) descendre, se retirer;
    ∎ the tide has gone out la marée est descendue, la mer s'est retirée;
    ∎ the tide goes out 6 kilometres la mer se retire sur 6 kilomètres
    ∎ I went out to see for myself j'ai décidé de voir par moi-même;
    ∎ we have to go out and do something about this il faut que nous prenions des mesures ou que nous fassions quelque chose
    (i) (be sent → letter) être envoyé; (be published → brochure, pamphlet) être distribué; (be broadcast → radio or television programme) être diffusé
    (j) (feelings, sympathies) aller;
    ∎ our thoughts go out to all those who suffer nos pensées vont vers tous ceux qui souffrent;
    ∎ my heart goes out to her je suis de tout cœur avec elle dans son chagrin
    (k) Sport (be eliminated) être éliminé;
    ∎ Agassi went out to Henman Agassi s'est fait sortir par Henman
    (l) Cards terminer
    ∎ she went all out to help us elle a fait tout son possible pour nous aider□
    ➲ go over
    ∎ I just saw a plane go over je viens de voir passer un avion
    ∎ I went over to see her je suis allé la voir;
    ∎ they went over to talk to her ils sont allés lui parler;
    ∎ to go over to Europe aller en Europe
    (c) (turn upside down) se retourner; (capsize → boat) chavirer, capoter
    (d) (change, switch) changer;
    ∎ I've gone over to another brand of washing powder je viens de changer de marque de lessive;
    ∎ when will we go over to the metric system? quand est-ce qu'on va passer au système métrique?
    (e) (change allegiance) passer, se joindre;
    ∎ he's gone over to the Socialists il est passé dans le camp des socialistes;
    ∎ she went over to the enemy elle est passée à l'ennemi
    (f) (be received) passer;
    ∎ the speech went over badly/well le discours a mal/bien passé
    (a) (move, travel over) passer par-dessus;
    ∎ the horse went over the fence le cheval a sauté (par-dessus) la barrière;
    ∎ we went over a bump on a pris une bosse
    (b) (examine → argument, problem) examiner, considérer; (→ accounts, report) examiner, vérifier;
    ∎ would you go over my report? voulez-vous regarder mon rapport?
    (c) (repeat) répéter; (review → notes, speech) réviser, revoir; (→ facts) récapituler, revoir; School réviser;
    ∎ she went over the interview in her mind elle a repassé l'entretien dans son esprit;
    ∎ I kept going over everything leading up to the accident je continuais de repenser à tous les détails qui avaient conduit à l'accident;
    ∎ let's go over it again reprenons, récapitulons;
    ∎ he goes over and over the same stories il rabâche les mêmes histoires
    (d) (rehearse) refaire; (bars of music) rejouer; (sing) rechanter
    ∎ let's go over now to our Birmingham studios passons l'antenne à notre studio de Birmingham;
    ∎ we're going over live now to Paris nous allons maintenant à Paris où nous sommes en direct
    (move in front of) passer devant; (move beyond) dépasser
    ∎ is there enough cake to go round? est-ce qu'il y a assez de gâteau pour tout le monde?;
    ∎ to make the food go round ménager la nourriture
    (b) (visit) aller;
    ∎ we went round to his house nous sommes allés chez lui;
    ∎ I'm going round there later on j'y vais plus tard
    (c) (circulate → rumour) circuler, courir; (→ bottle, cold, flu) circuler
    (d) (be continuously present → idea, tune)
    ∎ that song keeps going round in my head j'ai cette chanson dans la tête
    (e) (spin → wheel) tourner;
    ∎ figurative my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne
    (f) (make a detour) faire un détour;
    ∎ to go round the long way faire un long détour
    (tour → museum) faire le tour de;
    ∎ I hate going round the shops j'ai horreur de faire les boutiques
    (a) (crowd, tunnel) traverser;
    ∎ figurative a shiver went through her un frisson l'a parcourue ou traversée
    (b) (endure, experience) subir, souffrir;
    ∎ he's going through hell c'est l'enfer pour lui;
    ∎ we all have to go through it sometime on doit tous y passer un jour ou l'autre;
    ∎ I can't face going through all that again je ne supporterais pas de passer par là une deuxième fois;
    ∎ after everything she's gone through après tout ce qu'elle a subi ou enduré;
    ∎ we've gone through a lot together nous avons vécu beaucoup de choses ensemble
    (c) (consume, use up → supplies) épuiser; (→ money) dépenser; (→ food) consommer; (wear out) user;
    ∎ she goes through a pair of tights a week elle use une paire de collants par semaine;
    ∎ I've gone through the toes of my socks j'ai usé ou troué mes chaussettes au bout;
    ∎ humorous how many assistants has he gone through now? combien d'assistants a-t-il déjà eus?;
    ∎ his novel has gone through six editions il y a déjà eu six éditions de son roman
    (d) (examine → accounts, document) examiner, vérifier; (→ list, proposal) éplucher; (→ mail) dépouiller; (→ drawer, pockets) fouiller (dans); (→ files) chercher dans; (sort) trier;
    ∎ we went through the contract together nous avons regardé ou examiné le contrat ensemble;
    ∎ did customs go through your suitcase? est-ce qu'ils ont fouillé votre valise à la douane?;
    ∎ he went through her pockets il a fouillé ses poches
    (e) (of bill, law) être voté;
    ∎ the bill went through Parliament last week le projet de loi a été voté la semaine dernière au Parlement
    (f) (carry out, perform → movement, work) faire; (→ formalities) remplir, accomplir;
    ∎ Music let's go through the introduction again reprenons l'introduction;
    ∎ we had to go through the whole business of applying for a visa nous avons dû nous farcir toutes les démarches pour obtenir un visa
    (g) (participate in → course of study) étudier; (→ ceremony) participer à
    (h) (practise → lesson, poem) réciter; (→ role, scene) répéter;
    ∎ let's go through it again from the beginning reprenons dès le début
    (a) (travel through, penetrate) passer, traverser
    (b) (offer, proposal) être accepté; (business deal) être conclu, se faire; (bill, law) passer, être voté; (divorce) être prononcé;
    ∎ the adoption finally went through l'adoption s'est faite finalement
    ∎ to go through with sth aller jusqu'au bout de qch, exécuter qch;
    ∎ he'll never go through with it il n'ira jamais jusqu'au bout;
    ∎ they went through with their threat ils ont exécuté leur menace
    (a) (colours, flavours) aller bien ensemble; (characteristics, ideas) aller de pair;
    ∎ the two things often go together les deux choses vont souvent de pair
    (b) American (people) sortir ensemble
    (a) (move towards) aller vers
    (b) (effort, money) être consacré à;
    ∎ all her energy went towards fighting illiteracy elle a dépensé toute son énergie à combattre l'analphabétisme
    (a) (go down → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)
    (b) figurative (fail → business) couler, faire faillite; (→ project) couler, échouer; (→ person) échouer, sombrer
    (a) (move, travel underneath) passer par-dessous
    ∎ to go under a false/different name utiliser ou prendre un faux nom/un nom différent;
    ∎ a glue that goes under the name of Stikit une colle qui s'appelle Stikit
    ➲ go up
    (a) (ascend, climb → person) monter, aller en haut; (→ lift) monter;
    ∎ to go up to town aller en ville;
    ∎ I'm going up to bed je monte me coucher;
    ∎ have you ever gone up in an aeroplane? êtes-vous déjà monté en avion?;
    ∎ going up! (in lift) on monte!;
    ∎ to go up in the world faire son chemin
    (b) (increase → amount, numbers) augmenter, croître; (→ price) monter, augmenter; (→ temperature) monter, s'élever;
    ∎ rents are going up les loyers sont en hausse;
    ∎ meat is going up (in price) (le prix de) la viande augmente;
    ∎ to go up in sb's estimation monter dans l'estime de qn
    (c) (sudden noise) s'élever;
    ∎ a shout went up un cri s'éleva
    (d) (appear → notices, posters) apparaître; (be built) être construit;
    ∎ new buildings are going up all over town de nouveaux immeubles surgissent dans toute la ville
    (e) (explode, be destroyed) sauter, exploser
    (g) Theatre (curtain) se lever;
    ∎ before the curtain goes up avant le lever du rideau
    (h) British University entrer à l'université;
    ∎ she went up to Oxford in 1950 elle est entrée à Oxford en 1950
    ∎ he went up for murder il a fait de la taule pour meurtre
    ∎ they look set to go up to the First Division ils ont l'air prêts à entrer en première division
    monter;
    ∎ to go up a hill/ladder monter une colline/sur une échelle;
    ∎ Music the pianist went up an octave le pianiste a monté d'une octave;
    ∎ British School to go up a class monter d'une classe
    ∎ to go up to sb/sth se diriger vers qn/qch;
    ∎ the path goes up to the front door le chemin mène à la porte d'entrée
    ∎ the book only goes up to the end of the war le livre ne va que jusqu'à la fin de la guerre;
    ∎ I will go up to £100 je veux bien aller jusqu'à 100 livres
    (a) (accompany, escort) accompagner, aller avec;
    ∎ figurative to go with the crowd suivre la foule ou le mouvement;
    ∎ you have to go with the times il faut vivre avec son temps
    (b) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller avec;
    ∎ that hat doesn't go with your suit ce chapeau ne va pas avec ton ensemble;
    ∎ a white Burgundy goes well with snails le bourgogne blanc se marie bien ou va bien avec les escargots
    (c) (be part of) aller avec;
    ∎ the flat goes with the job l'appartement va avec le poste;
    ∎ the sense of satisfaction that goes with having done a good job le sentiment de satisfaction qu'apporte le travail bien fait;
    ∎ mathematical ability usually goes with skill at chess des capacités en mathématiques vont souvent de pair avec un don pour les échecs
    (d) familiar (spend time with) sortir avec□ ;
    ∎ euphemism he's been going with other women (having sex) il a été avec d'autres femmes
    se passer de, se priver de;
    ∎ he went without sleep or without sleeping for two days il n'a pas dormi pendant deux jours
    s'en passer;
    ∎ we'll just have to go without il faudra s'en passer, c'est tout
    ⓘ Do not pass go, (do not collect £200/$200) Au Monopoly les joueurs tirent parfois une carte qui les envoie sur la case "prison". Sur cette carte sont inscrits les mots do not pass go, do not collect £200 (ou bien do not collect $200 s'il s'agit de la version américaine). Cette phrase, dont la version française est "ne passez pas par la case départ, ne recevez pas 20 000 francs", est utilisée de façon allusive et sur le mode humoristique dans différents contextes: on dira par exemple you do that again and you're going straight to jail, Bill. Do not pass go, do not collect $200 ("refais ça, Bill, et je t'assure que tu iras droit en prison). On peut également utiliser cette expression lorsque quelqu'un essaie de mener un projet à bien mais rencontre des obstacles: the country is trying hard to get back on its feet but because of the civil war it has not even been allowed to pass go, let alone collect £200 ("le pays fait de son mieux pour se rétablir mais la guerre civile n'arrange rien, bien au contraire").
    ⓘ Go ahead, make my day C'est la formule prononcée par l'inspecteur Harry Callahan (incarné par Clint Eastwood) dans le film Sudden Impact (1983) lorsqu'il se trouve confronté à un gangster. Il s'agit d'une façon d'encourager le bandit à se servir de son arme afin de pouvoir l'abattre en état de légitime défense: "allez, vas-y, fais-moi plaisir". On utilise cette formule par allusion au film et en réaction à une personne qui vient de proférer des menaces. Ainsi, le président Reagan s'en servit en s'adressant à des travailleurs qui menaçaient de se mettre en grève.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > go

  • 4 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 5 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 6 get

    get [get]
    recevoir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (d), 1A (g), 1A (i), 1B (b) avoir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b) toucher ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b), 1B (b) trouver ⇒ 1A (b), 1A (h) obtenir ⇒ 1A (b), 1A (h) tenir ⇒ 1A (c) offrir ⇒ 1A (e) acheter ⇒ 1A (f) prendre ⇒ 1A (f), 1A (k), 1A (l) gagner ⇒ 1A (i) chercher ⇒ 1A (j) attraper ⇒ 1A (k), 1A (l), 1B (a) réserver ⇒ 1A (m) répondre ⇒ 1A (n) faire faire ⇒ 1C (b)-(d) préparer ⇒ 1D (a) entendre ⇒ 1D (b) comprendre ⇒ 1D (d) atteindre ⇒ 1E (a) devenir ⇒ 2A (a) se faire ⇒ 2A (b) commencer à ⇒ 2A (c), 2B (c) aller ⇒ 2B (a) réussir à ⇒ 2B (e)
    ( British pt & pp got [gɒt], cont getting [getɪŋ], American pt got [gɒt], pp gotten [gɒtən], cont getting [getɪŋ])
    A.
    (a) (receive → gift, letter, phone call) recevoir, avoir; (→ benefits, pension) recevoir, toucher; (→ medical treatment) suivre;
    ∎ I got a bike for my birthday on m'a donné ou j'ai eu ou j'ai reçu un vélo pour mon anniversaire;
    ∎ I get 'The Times' at home je reçois le 'Times' à la maison;
    ∎ this part of the country doesn't get much rain cette région ne reçoit pas beaucoup de pluie, il ne pleut pas beaucoup dans cette région;
    ∎ the living room gets a lot of sun le salon est très ensoleillé;
    ∎ I rang but I got no answer (at door) j'ai sonné mais je n'ai pas obtenu ou eu de réponse; (on phone) j'ai appelé sans obtenir de réponse;
    ∎ many students get grants beaucoup d'étudiants ont une bourse;
    ∎ he got five years for smuggling il a écopé de ou il a pris cinq ans (de prison) pour contrebande;
    ∎ he got a bullet in his shoulder il a reçu une balle dans l'épaule;
    ∎ familiar you're really going to get it! qu'est-ce que tu vas prendre ou écoper!;
    ∎ familiar I'll see that you get yours! je vais te régler ton compte!
    (b) (obtain → gen) avoir, trouver, obtenir; (→ through effort) se procurer, obtenir; (→ licence, loan, permission) obtenir; (→ diploma, grades) avoir, obtenir;
    ∎ where did you get that book? où avez-vous trouvé ce livre?;
    ∎ they got him a job ils lui ont trouvé du travail;
    ∎ I got the job! ils m'ont embauché!;
    ∎ can you get them the report? pouvez-vous leur procurer le rapport?;
    ∎ I got the idea from a book j'ai trouvé l'idée dans un livre;
    ∎ I got a glimpse of her face j'ai pu apercevoir son visage;
    ∎ you get a fine view from here il y a une vue magnifique d'ici;
    ∎ I've got six more to get (in collection) il m'en manque six;
    ∎ the town gets its water from the reservoir la ville reçoit son eau du réservoir;
    ∎ we get our wine directly from the vineyard en vin ou pour le vin, nous nous fournissons directement chez le producteur;
    ∎ they stopped in town to get some lunch (had lunch there) ils se sont arrêtés en ville pour déjeuner; (bought something to eat) ils se sont arrêtés en ville pour acheter de quoi déjeuner;
    ∎ I'm going out to get a breath of fresh air je sors prendre l'air;
    ∎ I'm going to get something to drink/eat (fetch) je vais chercher quelque chose à boire/manger; (consume) je vais boire/manger quelque chose;
    ∎ can I get a coffee? je pourrais avoir un café, s'il vous plaît?;
    ∎ get yourself a good lawyer trouvez-vous un bon avocat;
    ∎ get advice from your doctor demandez conseil à votre médecin;
    ∎ I need all the advice I can get j'ai besoin de tous les conseils qu'on peut me donner;
    ∎ to get (oneself) a wife/husband se trouver une femme/un mari;
    ∎ to get sb to oneself avoir qn pour soi tout seul;
    ∎ to get a divorce obtenir le divorce;
    ∎ get plenty of exercise faites beaucoup d'exercice;
    ∎ get plenty of sleep dormez beaucoup;
    ∎ try and get a few days off work essayez de prendre quelques jours de congé;
    ∎ I'll do it if I get the time/a moment je le ferai si j'ai le temps/si je trouve un moment;
    ∎ I got a lot from or out of my trip to China mon voyage en Chine m'a beaucoup apporté;
    ∎ she got very little from her lessons elle a très peu appris de ses leçons;
    ∎ he didn't get a chance to introduce himself il n'a pas eu l'occasion de se présenter
    (c) (inherit → characteristic) tenir;
    ∎ she gets her shyness from her father elle tient sa timidité de son père
    ∎ they got a lot of money for their flat la vente de leur appartement leur a rapporté beaucoup d'argent;
    ∎ they got a good price for the painting le tableau s'est vendu à un bon prix;
    ∎ what did you get for your car? combien est-ce que tu as vendu ta voiture?;
    ∎ he got nothing for his trouble il s'est donné de la peine pour rien;
    ∎ you don't get something for nothing on n'a rien pour rien
    (e) (offer as gift) offrir, donner;
    ∎ what did she get him for Christmas? qu'est-ce qu'elle lui a offert ou donné pour Noël?;
    ∎ I don't know what to get Jill for her birthday je ne sais pas quoi acheter à Jill pour son anniversaire
    (f) (buy) acheter, prendre;
    ∎ get your father a magazine when you go out achète une revue à ton père quand tu sortiras;
    ∎ get the paper too prends ou achète le journal aussi;
    ∎ we got the house cheap on a eu la maison (à) bon marché
    (g) (learn → information, news) recevoir, apprendre;
    ∎ we turned on the radio to get the news nous avons allumé la radio pour écouter les informations;
    ∎ she just got news or word of the accident elle vient juste d'apprendre la nouvelle de l'accident;
    ∎ he broke down when he got the news en apprenant la nouvelle il a fondu en larmes
    (h) (reach by calculation or experimentation → answer, solution) trouver; (→ result) obtenir;
    ∎ multiply 5 by 2 and you get 10 multipliez 5 par 2 et vous obtenez 10
    (i) (earn, win → salary) recevoir, gagner, toucher; (→ prize) gagner; (→ reputation) se faire;
    ∎ plumbers get £20 an hour un plombier gagne ou touche 20 livres de l'heure;
    ∎ he got a good name or a reputation as an architect il s'est fait une réputation dans le milieu de l'architecture;
    ∎ someone's trying to get your attention (calling) quelqu'un vous appelle; (waving) quelqu'un vous fait signe
    (j) (bring, fetch) (aller) chercher;
    ∎ he went and got a book from the library il est allé chercher un livre à la bibliothèque;
    ∎ go and get a doctor allez chercher un médecin;
    ∎ get me my coat va me chercher ou apporte-moi mon manteau;
    ∎ we had to get a doctor nous avons dû faire venir un médecin;
    ∎ he went to get a taxi il est parti chercher un taxi;
    ∎ what can I get you to drink? qu'est-ce que je vous sers à boire?;
    ∎ can I get you anything? (to somebody ill etc) est-ce que vous avez besoin de quelque chose?;
    ∎ they sent him to get help ils l'ont envoyé chercher de l'aide
    (k) (catch → ball) attraper; (→ bus, train) prendre, attraper;
    ∎ did you get your train? est-ce que tu as eu ton train?
    (l) (capture) attraper, prendre; (seize) prendre, saisir;
    ∎ the Mounties always get their man la police montée attrape toujours son homme (au Canada);
    ∎ he got me by the arm il m'a attrapé par le bras;
    ∎ the dog got him by the leg le chien l'a attrapé à la jambe;
    ∎ (I've) got you! je te tiens!
    (m) (book, reserve) réserver, retenir;
    ∎ we're trying to get a flight to Budapest nous essayons de réserver un vol pour Budapest
    (n) (answer → door, telephone) répondre;
    ∎ the doorbell's ringing - I'll get it! quelqu'un sonne à la porte - j'y vais!;
    ∎ will you get the phone? peux-tu répondre au téléphone?
    B.
    ∎ he got a chill il a pris ou attrapé froid;
    ∎ I get a headache when I drink red wine le vin rouge me donne mal à la tête;
    ∎ familiar to get it bad for sb avoir qn dans la peau
    (b) (experience, feel → shock) recevoir, ressentir, avoir; (→ fun, pain, surprise) avoir;
    ∎ I got the feeling something horrible would happen j'ai eu l'impression ou le pressentiment que quelque chose d'horrible allait arriver;
    ∎ I get the impression he doesn't like me j'ai l'impression que je ne lui plais pas;
    ∎ to get a thrill out of sth/doing sth prendre plaisir à qch/faire qch;
    ∎ familiar to get religion devenir croyant□
    ∎ you get some odd people on these tours il y a de drôles de gens dans ces voyages organisés;
    ∎ you get a lot of people marrying young here il y a beaucoup de gens qui se marient jeunes par ici;
    ∎ we don't get many accidents here nous n'avons pas beaucoup d'accidents par ici
    C.
    (a) (with adj or past participle) (cause to be) she managed to get the window closed/open elle a réussi à fermer/ouvrir la fenêtre;
    ∎ I got the car started j'ai démarré la voiture;
    ∎ don't get your feet wet! ne te mouille pas les pieds!;
    ∎ get the suitcases ready préparez les bagages;
    ∎ the children are getting themselves ready for school les enfants se préparent pour (aller à) l'école;
    ∎ I finally got her on her own or alone j'ai fini par réussir à la voir en tête à tête;
    ∎ we managed to get him in a good mood nous avons réussi à le mettre de bonne humeur;
    ∎ they've got me so I don't know whether I'm coming or going c'en est à un tel point que je ne sais plus où j'en suis;
    ∎ to get people interested (in sth) intéresser les gens (à qch);
    ∎ let me get this clear que ce soit bien clair;
    ∎ to get things under control prendre les choses en main;
    ∎ he likes his bath as hot as he can get it il aime que son bain soit aussi chaud que possible;
    ∎ the flat is as clean as I'm going to get it j'ai nettoyé l'appartement le mieux que j'ai pu;
    ∎ he got himself nominated president il s'est fait nommer président;
    ∎ don't get yourself all worked up ne t'en fais pas
    (b) (with infinitive) (cause to do or carry out) we couldn't get her to leave on n'a pas pu la faire partir;
    ∎ get him to move the car demande-lui de déplacer la voiture;
    ∎ I got it to work, I got it working j'ai réussi à le faire marcher;
    ∎ we have to get the government to tighten up on pollution control il faut que l'on obtienne du gouvernement qu'il renforce les lois contre la pollution;
    ∎ he got the other members to agree il a réussi à obtenir l'accord des autres membres;
    ∎ I can always get someone else to do it je peux toujours le faire faire par quelqu'un d'autre;
    ∎ I got her to talk about life in China je lui ai demandé de parler de la vie en Chine;
    ∎ they can't get the landlord to fix the roof ils n'arrivent pas à obtenir du propriétaire qu'il fasse réparer le toit;
    ∎ how do you get jasmine to grow indoors? comment peut-on faire pousser du jasmin à l'intérieur?
    (c) (with past participle) (cause to be done or carried out) to get sth done/repaired faire faire/réparer qch;
    ∎ to get one's hair cut se faire couper les cheveux;
    ∎ I didn't get anything done today je n'ai rien fait aujourd'hui;
    ∎ it's impossible to get anything done around here (by oneself) il est impossible de faire quoi que ce soit ici; (by someone else) il est impossible d'obtenir quoi que ce soit ici
    (d) (cause to come, go, move)
    ∎ how are you going to get this package to them? comment allez-vous leur faire parvenir ce paquet?;
    ∎ they eventually got all the boxes downstairs/upstairs ils ont fini par descendre/monter toutes leurs boîtes;
    ∎ I managed to get the old man downstairs/upstairs j'ai réussi à faire descendre/monter le vieil homme;
    ∎ I managed to get him away from the others j'ai réussi à l'éloigner des autres;
    ∎ get him away from me débarrassez-moi de lui;
    ∎ can you get me home? pouvez-vous me raccompagner?;
    ∎ they got her to the airport on time ils l'ont amenée à l'aéroport à l'heure;
    ∎ his friends managed to get him home ses amis ont réussi à le ramener (à la maison);
    ∎ how are we going to get the bike home? comment est-ce qu'on va ramener le vélo à la maison?;
    ∎ I got a message to them je leur ai fait parvenir un message;
    ∎ he can't get the children to bed il n'arrive pas à mettre les enfants au lit;
    ∎ I can't get my boots off/on je n'arrive pas à enlever/mettre mes bottes;
    ∎ we couldn't get the bed through the door nous n'avons pas pu faire passer le lit par la porte;
    ∎ figurative where has all this got us? où est-ce que tout ça nous a menés?;
    ∎ this is getting us nowhere ça ne nous mène nulle part, ça ne nous mène à rien;
    ∎ that won't get you very far! ça ne te servira pas à grand-chose!, tu ne seras pas beaucoup plus avancé!
    D.
    (a) (prepare → meal, drink) préparer;
    ∎ he's in the kitchen getting dinner il est à la cuisine en train de préparer le dîner;
    ∎ who's going to get the children breakfast? qui va préparer le petit déjeuner pour les enfants?;
    ∎ she got herself some breakfast elle s'est préparé un petit déjeuner
    (b) (hear correctly) entendre, saisir;
    ∎ I didn't get his name je n'ai pas saisi son nom
    ∎ I got her father on the phone j'ai parlé à son père ou j'ai eu son père au téléphone;
    ∎ I couldn't get her at the office je n'ai pas pu l'avoir au bureau;
    ∎ did you get the number you wanted? avez-vous obtenu le numéro que vous vouliez?;
    ∎ get me extension 3500 passez-moi ou donnez-moi le poste 3500
    (d) familiar (understand) comprendre□, saisir□ ;
    ∎ I don't get it, I don't get the point je ne comprends ou ne saisis pas, je n'y suis pas du tout;
    ∎ I don't get you or your meaning je ne comprends pas ce que vous voulez dire;
    ∎ if you get my meaning si tu vois ce que je veux dire□ ;
    ∎ don't get me wrong comprenez-moi bien;
    ∎ I think he's got the message now je crois qu'il a compris maintenant;
    ∎ I don't get the joke je ne vois pas ce qui est (si) drôle□ ;
    ∎ get it?, get me?, get my drift? tu saisis?, tu piges?;
    ∎ (I've) got it! ça y est!□, j'y suis!□ ;
    ∎ oh, I get you! ah! j'ai pigé!
    (e) (take note of) remarquer;
    ∎ did you get his address? lui avez-vous demandé son adresse?
    ∎ get him! who does he think he is? vise un peu ce mec, mais pour qui il se prend?;
    ∎ get (a load of) that! vise un peu ça!
    (g) familiar (listen to) écouter□ ;
    ∎ get a load of this! écoute un peu ça!;
    ∎ get him! écoute-le, celui-là!;
    E.
    (a) familiar (hit) atteindre□ ; (hit and kill) tuer□ ;
    ∎ she got him in the face with a pie elle lui a jeté une tarte à la crème à la figure;
    ∎ the bullet got him in the back il a pris la balle ou la balle l'a atteint dans le dos;
    ∎ a car got him il a été tué par une voiture
    (b) familiar (harm, punish)
    ∎ everyone's out to get me tout le monde est après moi
    (c) familiar (take vengeance on) se venger de□ ;
    ∎ we'll get you for this! on te revaudra ça!;
    ∎ I'll get him for that! je lui revaudrai ça!
    ∎ the pain gets me in the back j'ai des douleurs dans le dos□
    ∎ that song really gets me cette chanson me fait vraiment quelque chose
    (f) familiar (baffle, puzzle)
    ∎ you've got me there alors là, aucune idée
    (g) familiar (irritate) énerver□, agacer□ ;
    ∎ it really gets me when you're late qu'est-ce que ça peut m'énerver quand tu es en retard!
    (h) American (learn) apprendre;
    ∎ to get sth by heart apprendre qch par cœur
    (i) archaic (beget) engendrer;
    ∎ to get sb with child faire un enfant à qn
    (j) Radio & Television (signal, station) capter, recevoir
    ∎ he got his in Vietnam il est mort au Viêt Nam□
    A.
    (a) (become) devenir;
    ∎ I'm getting hungry/thirsty je commence à avoir faim/soif;
    ∎ get dressed! habille-toi!;
    ∎ to get fat grossir;
    ∎ to get married se marier;
    ∎ to get divorced divorcer;
    ∎ don't get lost! ne vous perdez pas!;
    ∎ how did that vase get broken? comment se fait-il que ce vase soit cassé?;
    ∎ he got so he didn't want to go out any more il en est arrivé à ne plus vouloir sortir;
    ∎ to get old vieillir;
    ∎ it's getting late il se fait tard;
    ∎ this is getting boring ça devient ennuyeux;
    ∎ to get used to sth/doing sth s'habituer à qch/à faire qch;
    ∎ familiar will you get with it! mais réveille-toi un peu!
    ∎ to get elected se faire élire, être élu;
    ∎ suppose he gets killed et s'il se fait tuer?;
    ∎ to get drowned se noyer;
    ∎ we got paid last week on a été payés la semaine dernière;
    ∎ I'm always getting invited to parties on m'invite toujours à des soirées
    (c) (with present participle) (start) commencer à, se mettre à;
    ∎ let's get going or moving! (let's leave) allons-y!; (let's hurry) dépêchons(-nous)!, grouillons-nous!; (let's start to work) au travail!;
    ∎ I'll get going on that right away je m'y mets tout de suite;
    ∎ I can't seem to get going today je n'arrive pas à m'activer aujourd'hui;
    ∎ she got talking to the neighbours elle s'est mise à discuter avec les voisins;
    ∎ we got talking about racism nous en sommes venus à parler de racisme;
    ∎ he got to thinking about it il s'est mis à réfléchir à la question
    B.
    (a) (go) aller, se rendre; (arrive) arriver;
    ∎ when did you get home? quand es-tu rentré?;
    ∎ it's nice to get home ça fait du bien de rentrer chez soi;
    ∎ how do you get to the museum? comment est-ce qu'on fait pour aller au musée?;
    ∎ how did you get in here? comment êtes-vous entré?;
    ∎ they should get here today ils devraient arriver ici aujourd'hui;
    ∎ how did you get here? comment es-tu venu?;
    ∎ how did that bicycle get here? comment se fait-il que ce vélo se trouve ici?;
    ∎ I took the train from Madrid to get there j'ai pris le train de Madrid pour y aller;
    ∎ she's successful now but it took her a while to get there elle a une bonne situation maintenant, mais ça ne s'est pas fait du jour au lendemain;
    ∎ he got as far as buying the tickets il est allé jusqu'à acheter les billets;
    ∎ I'd hoped things wouldn't get this far j'avais espéré qu'on n'en arriverait pas là;
    ∎ are you getting anywhere with that report? il avance, ce rapport?;
    ∎ now you're getting somewhere! enfin tu avances!;
    ∎ I'm not getting anywhere or I'm getting nowhere with this project je fais du surplace avec ce projet;
    ∎ we're not getting anywhere with this meeting cette réunion est une perte de temps;
    ∎ she won't get anywhere or she'll get nowhere if she's rude to people elle n'arrivera à rien en étant grossière avec les gens;
    ∎ where's your sister got to? où est passée ta sœur?;
    ∎ where did my keys get to? où sont passées mes clés?
    ∎ he got along the ledge as best he could il a avancé le long du rebord du mieux qu'il pouvait;
    ∎ she got behind a tree elle s'est mise derrière un arbre;
    ∎ to get into bed se coucher;
    ∎ get in or into the car! monte dans la voiture!;
    ∎ get over here! viens ici!;
    ∎ we couldn't get past the truck nous ne pouvions pas passer le camion
    (c) (with infinitive) (start) commencer à, se mettre à;
    ∎ each city is getting to look like another toutes les grandes villes commencent à se ressembler;
    ∎ to get to know sb apprendre à connaître qn;
    ∎ we got to like her husband nous nous sommes mis à apprécier ou à aimer son mari;
    ∎ you'll get to like it in the end ça finira par te plaire;
    ∎ his father got to hear of the rumours son père a fini par entendre les rumeurs;
    ∎ he's getting to be known il commence à être connu, il se fait connaître;
    ∎ they got to talking about the past ils en sont venus ou ils se sont mis à parler du passé
    (d) (become) devenir;
    ∎ it's getting to be impossible to find a flat ça devient impossible de trouver un appartement;
    ∎ she may get to be president one day elle pourrait devenir ou être président un jour;
    ∎ they got to be friends ils sont devenus amis
    (e) (manage) réussir à;
    ∎ we never got to see that film nous n'avons jamais réussi à ou nous ne sommes jamais arrivés à voir ce film;
    ∎ I didn't get to speak to him in person je n'ai pas pu lui parler en personne
    ∎ he never gets to stay up late on ne le laisse jamais se coucher tard□ ;
    ∎ I never get to drive on ne me laisse jamais conduire□
    (g) familiar (leave) se tirer;
    ∎ get! fous le camp!, tire-toi!
    3 noun
    familiar (in tennis) beau retour□ m
    (a) (be up and about, move around) se déplacer;
    ∎ how do you get about town? comment vous déplacez-vous en ville?;
    ∎ she gets about on crutches/in a wheelchair elle se déplace avec des béquilles/en chaise roulante;
    ∎ I don't get about much these days je ne me déplace pas beaucoup ces temps-ci
    (b) (travel) voyager;
    ∎ I get about quite a bit in my job je suis assez souvent en déplacement pour mon travail
    ∎ she certainly gets about elle connaît beaucoup de monde
    (d) (story, rumour) se répandre, circuler;
    ∎ the news or it got about that they were splitting up la nouvelle de leur séparation s'est répandue
    (a) (succeed in crossing) traverser, passer;
    ∎ the river was flooded but we managed to get across la rivière était en crue mais nous avons réussi à traverser
    ∎ our message is not getting across notre message ne passe pas
    (a) (over water, street → person) faire traverser;
    ∎ we couldn't get the supplies across (across the river) nous ne pouvions pas faire passer les vivres de l'autre côté;
    ∎ it was easy to get the people across (across the border) il était facile de faire passer les gens
    (b) (communicate) communiquer;
    ∎ I can't seem to get the idea across to them je n'arrive pas à leur faire comprendre ça;
    ∎ he managed to get his point across il a réussi à faire passer son message
    poursuivre
    (succeed) réussir, arriver;
    ∎ to get ahead in life or in the world réussir dans la vie;
    ∎ if you want to get ahead at the office, you have to work si tu veux de l'avancement au bureau, il faut que tu travailles
    (a) (fare, manage) aller;
    ∎ how are you getting along? comment vas-tu?, comment ça va?;
    ∎ she's getting along well in her new job elle se débrouille bien dans son nouveau travail;
    ∎ we can get along without him nous pouvons nous passer de lui ou nous débrouiller sans lui
    (b) (advance, progress) avancer, progresser;
    ∎ the patient is getting along nicely le patient est en bonne voie ou fait des progrès
    (c) (be on good terms) s'entendre;
    ∎ we get along fine nous nous entendons très bien, nous faisons bon ménage;
    ∎ she doesn't get along with my mother elle ne s'entend pas avec ma mère;
    ∎ she's easy to get along with elle est facile à vivre
    (d) (move away) s'en aller, partir; (go) aller, se rendre;
    ∎ it's time for me to be getting along, it's time I was getting along il est temps que je parte;
    ∎ I must be getting along to the office il faut que j'aille au bureau;
    ∎ British get along with you! (leave) va-t'en!, fiche le camp!; familiar (I don't believe you) à d'autres!
    (obstacle, problem) contourner; (law, rule) tourner;
    ∎ there's no getting around it, we'll have to tell her il n'y a pas d'autre moyen, il va falloir que nous le lui disions;
    ∎ she won't get around to reading it before tomorrow elle n'arrivera pas à (trouver le temps de) le lire avant demain;
    ∎ he finally got around to fixing the radiator il a fini par ou il est finalement arrivé à réparer le radiateur;
    ∎ it was some time before I got around to writing to her j'ai mis pas mal de temps avant de lui écrire
    (a) (reach → object, shelf) atteindre; (→ place) parvenir à, atteindre;
    ∎ I've put the pills where the children can't get at them j'ai mis les pilules là où les enfants ne peuvent pas les prendre;
    ∎ familiar just let me get at him! si jamais il me tombe sous la main!
    (b) (discover) trouver;
    ∎ to get at the truth découvrir la vérité
    (c) (mean, intend) entendre;
    ∎ I see what you're getting at je vois où vous voulez en venir;
    ∎ just what are you getting at? qu'est-ce que vous entendez par là?, où voulez-vous en venir?;
    ∎ what I'm getting at is why did she leave now? ce que je veux dire, c'est pourquoi est-elle partie maintenant?
    (d) familiar (criticize) s'en prendre à□, s'attaquer à□ ;
    ∎ you're always getting at me tu t'en prends toujours à moi
    (e) familiar (bribe, influence) acheter, suborner□ ;
    ∎ the witnesses had been got at les témoins avaient été achetés
    (a) (leave) s'en aller, partir;
    ∎ she has to get away from home/her parents il faut qu'elle parte de chez elle/s'éloigne de ses parents;
    ∎ I was in a meeting and couldn't get away j'étais en réunion et je ne pouvais pas m'échapper ou m'en aller;
    ∎ will you be able to get away at Christmas? allez-vous pouvoir partir (en vacances) à Noël?;
    ∎ to get away from the daily grind échapper au train-train quotidien;
    ∎ get away from it all, come to Florida! quittez tout, venez en Floride!;
    ∎ she's gone off for a couple of weeks to get away from it all elle est partie quelques semaines loin de tout
    (b) (move away) s'éloigner;
    ∎ get away from that door! éloignez-vous ou écartez-vous de cette porte!;
    ∎ get away from me! fichez-moi le camp!
    (c) (escape) s'échapper, se sauver;
    ∎ the murderer got away l'assassin s'est échappé;
    ∎ the thief got away with all the jewels le voleur est parti ou s'est sauvé avec tous les bijoux;
    ∎ there's no getting away from or you can't get away from the fact that the other solution would have been cheaper on ne peut pas nier (le fait) que l'autre solution aurait coûté moins cher;
    ∎ you can't get away from it, there's no getting away from it c'est comme ça, on n'y peut rien
    ∎ get away (with you)! à d'autres!
    (remove → person) emmener;
    ∎ get that child away from the road! éloignez cet enfant de la route!;
    ∎ get me away from here! fais-moi sortir d'ici!;
    ∎ get your dog away from my garden! faites sortir votre chien de mon jardin!;
    ∎ they managed to get him away from the TV ils ont fini par l'arracher de devant la télévision;
    ∎ to get sth away from sb prendre qch à qn
    ∎ he got away with cheating on his taxes personne ne s'est aperçu qu'il avait fraudé le fisc;
    ∎ I can't believe you got away with it! je n'arrive pas à croire que personne ne t'ait rien dit!;
    ∎ he got away with a small fine il s'en est tiré avec une petite amende;
    ∎ that child gets away with murder on laisse tout faire à ce gamin;
    ∎ her skirt is really tiny but she gets away with it sa jupe est vraiment très courte mais elle peut se le permettre
    ∎ get back! éloignez-vous!, reculez!
    (b) (return) revenir, retourner;
    ∎ I can't wait to get back home je suis impatient de rentrer (à la maison);
    ∎ get back in bed! va te recoucher!, retourne au lit!;
    ∎ I got back in the car/on the bus je suis remonté dans la voiture/dans le bus;
    ∎ to get back to sleep se rendormir;
    ∎ to get back to work (after break) se remettre au travail; (after holiday, illness) reprendre le travail;
    ∎ things eventually got back to normal les choses ont peu à peu repris leur cours (normal);
    ∎ getting or to get back to the point pour en revenir au sujet qui nous préoccupe;
    ∎ let's get back to your basic reasons for leaving revenons aux raisons pour lesquelles vous voulez partir;
    ∎ I'll get back to you on that (call back) je vous rappelle pour vous dire ce qu'il en est; (discuss again) nous reparlerons de cela plus tard
    ∎ do you think the Democrats will get back in? croyez-vous que le parti démocrate reviendra au pouvoir?
    (a) (recover → something lost or lent) récupérer; (→ force, strength) reprendre, récupérer; (→ health, motivation) retrouver;
    ∎ he got his job back il a été repris;
    ∎ I got back nearly all the money I invested j'ai récupéré presque tout l'argent que j'avais investi;
    ∎ you'll have to get your money back from the shop il faut que vous vous fassiez rembourser par le magasin
    (b) (return) rendre;
    ∎ we have to get this book back to her il faut que nous lui rendions ce livre
    (c) (return to original place) remettre, replacer;
    ∎ I can't get it back in the box je n'arrive pas à le remettre ou le faire rentrer dans le carton;
    ∎ I want to get these suitcases back down to the cellar je veux redescendre ces valises à la cave;
    ∎ he managed to get the children back to bed il a réussi à remettre les enfants au lit
    ∎ to get one's own back (on sb) se venger (de qn)□
    se venger de;
    ∎ he only said it to get back at him il n'a dit ça que pour se venger de lui
    (gen) rester à l'arrière, se laisser distancer; Sport se laisser distancer; figurative prendre du retard;
    ∎ he got behind with his work il a pris du retard dans son travail;
    ∎ we mustn't get behind with the rent il ne faut pas qu'on soit en retard pour le loyer
    (support, sympathize with) appuyer
    ➲ get by
    (a) (pass) passer;
    ∎ let me get by laissez-moi passer
    (b) (be acceptable) passer, être acceptable;
    ∎ their work just about gets by leur travail est tout juste passable ou acceptable
    (c) (manage, survive) se débrouiller, s'en sortir;
    ∎ how do you get by on that salary? comment tu te débrouilles ou tu t'en sors avec un salaire comme ça?;
    ∎ they get by as best they can ils se débrouillent ou s'en sortent tant bien que mal;
    ∎ we can get by without him nous pouvons nous passer de lui ou nous débrouiller sans lui
    ∎ can you get by the washing machine? est-ce que vous avez assez de place pour passer à côté de la machine à laver?
    (b) (escape attention of → censor, editor) échapper à;
    ∎ her film got by the censors son film a échappé à l'attention de la censure
    descendre;
    ∎ get down off that chair! descends de cette chaise!;
    ∎ may I get down (from the table)? (leave the table) puis-je sortir de table?;
    ∎ they got down on their knees ils se sont mis à genoux;
    ∎ get down! (hide) couchez-vous!; (to dog) bas les pattes!
    (a) (bring, fetch down → book from shelf etc) descendre
    (b) (reduce → temperature, inflation etc) faire baisser;
    ∎ to get one's weight down perdre du poids
    (c) (write down) noter;
    ∎ I didn't manage to get down what she said je n'ai pas réussi à noter ce qu'elle a dit
    (d) (depress) déprimer, démoraliser;
    ∎ work is really getting me down at the moment le travail me déprime vraiment en ce moment;
    ∎ this rainy weather gets him down cette pluie lui fiche le cafard;
    ∎ don't let it get you down ne te laisse pas abattre
    (e) (swallow) avaler, faire descendre
    se mettre à;
    ∎ I have to get down to balancing the books il faut que je me mette à faire les comptes;
    ∎ it's not so difficult once you get down to it ce n'est pas si difficile une fois qu'on s'y met;
    ∎ he got down to working on it this morning il s'y est mis ou s'y est attelé ce matin;
    ∎ it's hard getting down to work after the weekend c'est difficile de reprendre le travail après le week-end;
    ∎ we eventually got down to details nous avons fini par en arriver aux détails;
    ∎ when you get down to it, there's very little difference between them en fin de compte, il y a très peu de différence entre eux
    ➲ get in
    ∎ the thief got in through the window le cambrioleur est entré par la fenêtre;
    ∎ a car pulled up and she got in une voiture s'est arrêtée et elle est montée dedans;
    ∎ water had got in everywhere l'eau avait pénétré partout
    (b) (return home) rentrer;
    ∎ we got in about 4 a.m. nous sommes rentrés vers 4 heures du matin
    (c) (arrive) arriver;
    ∎ what time does your plane get in? à quelle heure ton avion arrive-t-il?
    (d) (be admitted → to club) se faire admettre; (→ to school, university) entrer, être admis ou reçu;
    ∎ he applied to Oxford but he didn't get in il voulait entrer à Oxford mais il n'a pas pu
    (e) (be elected → person) être élu; (→ party) accéder au pouvoir
    (f) familiar (become involved) participer□ ;
    ∎ she got in at the beginning elle est arrivée au début□
    (g) (interject) glisser;
    ∎ "what about me?" she managed to get in "et moi?" réussit-elle à glisser
    ∎ I hope to get in a bit of reading on holiday j'espère pouvoir lire ou que je trouverai le temps de lire pendant mes vacances;
    ∎ she got in some last-minute revision before the exam elle a réussi à faire des révisions de dernière minute avant l'examen
    (b) (insert) faire pénétrer;
    ∎ I couldn't get a word in je n'ai pas pu placer un mot, je n'ai pas pu en placer une
    (c) (collect, gather → crops) rentrer, engranger; (→ debts) recouvrer; (→ taxes) percevoir
    ∎ I must get in some more coal je dois faire une provision de charbon;
    ∎ to get in supplies s'approvisionner
    (e) (call in → doctor, plumber) faire venir; (→ dog, cat) faire rentrer;
    ∎ shouldn't Elaine be in on this meeting? - of course, could you get her in? on n'a pas besoin d'Elaine pour cette réunion? - si, bien sûr, tu peux lui demander de venir?
    (f) (hand in, submit) rendre, remettre;
    ∎ did you get your application in on time? as-tu remis ton dossier de candidature à temps?
    (g) (cause to be admitted → to club, university) faire admettre ou accepter; (cause to be elected) faire élire
    (h) (plant → seeds) planter, semer; (→ bulbs, plants) planter
    (i) British familiar (pay for, stand) payer□, offrir□ ;
    ∎ he got the next round in il a payé la tournée suivante
    (building) entrer dans; (vehicle) monter dans;
    ∎ he had just got in the door when the phone rang il venait juste d'arriver ou d'entrer quand le téléphone a sonné
    ∎ to get in on a deal prendre part à un marché;
    ∎ to get in on the fun se mettre de la partie
    faire participer à;
    ∎ he got me in on the deal il m'a intéressé à l'affaire
    (a) (building) entrer dans; (vehicle) monter dans
    (b) (arrive in) arriver à;
    ∎ we get into Madrid at 3 o'clock nous arrivons à Madrid à 3 heures;
    ∎ the train got into the station le train est entré en gare
    (c) (put on → dress, shirt, shoes) mettre; (→ trousers, stockings) enfiler, mettre; (→ coat) endosser;
    ∎ she got into her clothes elle a mis ses vêtements ou s'est habillée;
    ∎ can you still get into your jeans? est-ce que tu rentres encore dans ton jean?
    (d) (be admitted to → club, school, university) entrer dans;
    ∎ he'd like to get into the club il voudrait devenir membre du club;
    ∎ her daughter got into medical school sa fille a été admise dans ou est entrée dans une école de médecine;
    ∎ to get into office être élu
    ∎ he wants to get into politics il veut se lancer dans la politique;
    ∎ they got into a conversation about South Africa ils se sont mis à parler de l'Afrique du Sud;
    ∎ we got into a fight over who had to do the dishes nous nous sommes disputés pour savoir qui devait faire la vaisselle;
    ∎ this is not the moment to get into that ce n'est pas le moment de parler de ça
    (f) familiar (take up) s'intéresser à□ ;
    ∎ he got into Eastern religions il a commencé à s'intéresser aux religions orientales;
    ∎ it's a hard book to get into c'est un livre dans lequel il est difficile de rentrer □
    ∎ he soon got into her way of doing things il s'est vite fait ou s'est vite mis à sa façon de faire les choses
    ∎ to get into debt s'endetter;
    ∎ he got into a real mess il s'est mis dans un vrai pétrin;
    ∎ the children were always getting into mischief les enfants passaient leur temps à faire des bêtises;
    ∎ I got into a real state about the test j'étais dans tous mes états à cause du test;
    ∎ she got into trouble with the teacher elle a eu des ennuis avec le professeur
    ∎ what's got into you? qu'est-ce qui te prend?, quelle mouche te pique?;
    ∎ I wonder what got into him to make him act like that je me demande ce qui l'a poussé à réagir comme ça
    ∎ to get sth into sth (faire) (r)entrer qch dans qch;
    ∎ to get the key into the lock mettre ou introduire la clef dans la serrure;
    ∎ to get an article into a paper faire accepter un article par un journal;
    ∎ to get an idea into one's head se mettre une idée en tête;
    ∎ familiar when will you get it into your thick head that I don't want to go? quand est-ce que tu vas enfin comprendre que je ne veux pas y aller?□
    (b) (cause to be admitted to → club) faire entrer à; (→ school, university) faire entrer dans;
    ∎ he got his friend into the club il a permis à son ami de devenir membre du club;
    ∎ the president got his son into Harvard le président a fait entrer ou accepter ou admettre son fils à Harvard
    ∎ she got herself into a terrible state elle s'est mis dans tous ses états;
    ∎ he got them into a lot of trouble il leur a attiré de gros ennuis
    (d) (involve in) impliquer dans, entraîner dans;
    ∎ you're the one who got us into this c'est toi qui nous as embarqués dans cette histoire
    (e) familiar (make interested in) faire découvrir□ ; (accustom to) habituer à□, faire prendre l'habitude de□ ;
    ∎ he got me into jazz il m'a initié au jazz□
    (a) (ingratiate oneself with) s'insinuer dans ou s'attirer les bonnes grâces de, se faire bien voir de;
    ∎ they tried to get in with the new director ils ont essayé de se faire bien voir du nouveau directeur
    (b) (associate with → person, group etc) fréquenter;
    ∎ he has got in with a new gang il n'est pas plus avec la même bande;
    ∎ she got in with the wrong crowd at school elle avait de mauvaises fréquentations à l'école
    ➲ get off
    (a) (leave bus, train etc) descendre;
    ∎ get off at the next stop descendez au prochain arrêt;
    ∎ familiar I told him where to get off! je l'ai envoyé sur les roses!, je l'ai envoyé promener!;
    ∎ familiar where do you get off telling me what to do? qu'est-ce qui te prend de me dicter ce que je dois faire?
    (b) (depart → person) s'en aller, partir; (→ car) démarrer; (→ plane) décoller; (→ letter, parcel) partir;
    ∎ I have to be getting off to work il faut que j'aille au travail;
    ∎ figurative the project got off to a bad/good start le projet a pris un mauvais/bon départ
    (c) (leave work) finir, s'en aller; (take time off) se libérer;
    ∎ what time do you get off? à quelle heure finissez-vous?;
    ∎ can you get off early tomorrow? peux-tu quitter le travail de bonne heure demain?
    (d) (escape punishment) s'en sortir, s'en tirer, en être quitte;
    ∎ she didn't think she'd get off so lightly elle n'espérait pas s'en tirer à si bon compte;
    ∎ the students got off with a fine/warning les étudiants en ont été quittes pour une amende/un avertissement
    ∎ hey! get off! that's MY book! hé! laisse ça! c'est mon livre ou c'est à moi ce livre!
    (f) (go to sleep) s'endormir
    (a) (leave → bus, train, plane etc) descendre de
    (b) (descend from → bike, wall, chair etc) descendre de;
    ∎ he got off his horse il est descendu de cheval;
    ∎ if only the boss would get off my back si seulement le patron me fichait la paix
    (c) (depart from) partir de, décamper de;
    ∎ get off my property fichez le camp de chez moi;
    ∎ get off the grass! ne marche pas sur la pelouse!;
    ∎ we got off the road to let the ambulance pass nous sommes sortis de la route pour laisser passer l'ambulance
    ∎ get off me! laisse-moi tranquille!, lâche-moi!
    (e) (escape from) se libérer de; (avoid) échapper à;
    ∎ she managed to get off work elle a réussi à se libérer;
    ∎ how did you get off doing the housework? comment as-tu fait pour échapper au ménage?
    (a) (cause to leave, climb down) faire descendre;
    ∎ get the cat off the table fais descendre le chat de (sur) la table;
    ∎ the conductor got the passengers off the train le conducteur a fait descendre les passagers du train;
    ∎ figurative try to get her mind off her troubles essaie de lui changer les idées
    (b) (send) envoyer, faire partir;
    ∎ I want to get this letter off je veux expédier cette lettre ou mettre cette lettre à la poste;
    ∎ she got the boys off to school elle a expédié ou envoyé les garçons à l'école;
    ∎ we got him off on the morning train nous l'avons mis au train du matin
    (c) (remove → clothing, lid) enlever, ôter; (→ stains) faire partir ou disparaître, enlever;
    ∎ I can't get this ink off my hands je n'arrive pas à faire partir cette encre de mes mains;
    ∎ get your hands off that cake! ne touche pas à ce gâteau!;
    ∎ get your hands off me! ne me touche pas!;
    ∎ get your feet off the table! enlève tes pieds de sur la table!;
    ∎ figurative he'd like to get that house off his hands il aimerait bien se débarrasser de cette maison
    (d) (free from punishment) tirer d'affaire; (in court) faire acquitter;
    ∎ he'll need a good lawyer to get him off il lui faudra un bon avocat pour se tirer d'affaire;
    ∎ to get sb off doing sth dispenser qn de faire qch
    (e) (put to sleep) endormir;
    ∎ I've just managed to get the baby off (to sleep) je viens de réussir à endormir le bébé
    ∎ to get a day/week off prendre un jour/une semaine de congé;
    ∎ can you get tomorrow afternoon/next week off? est-ce que tu peux prendre un congé demain après-midi/la semaine prochaine?
    ∎ to get sth off sb obtenir qch de qn;
    ∎ I got that story off the woman next door je tiens cette histoire de la voisine;
    ∎ I got this cold off the woman next door la voisine m'a passé son rhume
    ∎ he gets off on pornographic films il prend son pied en regardant des films pornos;
    ∎ is that what you get off on? c'est comme ça que tu prends ton pied?;
    ∎ figurative he gets off on teasing people il adore taquiner les gens□ ;
    ∎ I really get off on hip-hop! j'adore le hip-hop!□
    ∎ he gets off on heroin il se défonce à l'héroïne
    ∎ to get off with sb faire une touche avec qn
    ➲ get on
    (a) (on bus, plane, train) monter; (on ship) monter à bord
    (b) (fare, manage)
    ∎ how's your husband getting on? comment va votre mari?;
    ∎ how did he get on at the interview? comment s'est passé son entretien?, comment ça a marché pour son entretien?;
    ∎ you'll get on far better if you think about it first tout ira mieux si tu réfléchis avant
    (c) (make progress) avancer, progresser;
    ∎ Jennifer is getting on very well in maths Jennifer se débrouille très bien en maths;
    ∎ how's your work getting on? ça avance, ton travail?
    (d) (succeed) réussir, arriver;
    ∎ to get on in life or in the world faire son chemin ou réussir dans la vie;
    ∎ some say that in order to get on, you often have to compromise il y a des gens qui disent que pour réussir (dans la vie), il faut souvent faire des compromis
    (e) (continue) continuer;
    ∎ we must be getting on il faut que nous partions;
    ∎ do you think we can get on with the meeting now? croyez-vous que nous puissions poursuivre notre réunion maintenant?;
    ∎ get on with your work! allez! au travail!;
    ∎ they got on with the job ils se sont remis au travail
    (f) (be on good terms) s'entendre;
    ∎ my mother and I get on well je m'entends bien avec ma mère;
    ∎ they don't get on ils ne s'entendent pas;
    ∎ she's never got on with him elle ne s'est jamais entendue avec lui;
    ∎ to be difficult/easy to get on with être difficile/facile à vivre
    (g) (grow late → time)
    ∎ time's getting on il se fait tard;
    ∎ it was getting on in the evening, the evening was getting on la soirée tirait à sa fin
    (h) (grow old → person) se faire vieux (vieille);
    ∎ she's getting on (in years) elle commence à se faire vieille
    ∎ get on with it! (continue speaking) continuez!; (continue working) allez! au travail!; (hurry up) mais dépêchez-vous enfin!;
    ∎ familiar get on with you! (I don't believe you) à d'autres!
    (bus, train) monter dans; (plane) monter dans, monter à bord de; (ship) monter à bord de; (bed, horse, table, bike) monter sur;
    ∎ he got on his bike il est monté sur ou il a enfourché son vélo;
    ∎ get on your feet levez-vous, mettez-vous debout;
    ∎ how did these papers get on my desk? comment est-ce que ces papiers se sont retrouvés ou sont arrivés sur mon bureau?;
    ∎ figurative it took the patient a while to get (back) on his feet le patient a mis longtemps à se remettre
    (a) (help onto → bus, train) faire monter dans; (→ bed, bike, horse, table) faire monter sur;
    ∎ they got him on his feet ils l'ont mis debout;
    ∎ figurative the doctor got her on her feet le médecin l'a remise sur pied
    (b) (coat, gloves, shoes) mettre, enfiler; (lid) mettre;
    ∎ I can't get these trousers on any more je n'entre plus dans ce pantalon
    ∎ to get it on (with sb) (have sex) s'envoyer en l'air (avec qn); (fight) se friter (avec qn);
    ∎ to get it on (get started) s'y mettre□
    ∎ the president is getting on for sixty le président approche de la soixantaine ou a presque soixante ans;
    ∎ it's getting on for midnight il est presque minuit, il n'est pas loin de minuit;
    ∎ it's getting on for three weeks since we saw her ça va faire bientôt trois semaines que nous ne l'avons pas vue;
    ∎ there were getting on for ten thousand demonstrators il n'y avait pas loin ou il y avait près de dix mille manifestants
    ∎ to get onto a subject or onto a topic aborder un sujet;
    ∎ how did we get onto reincarnation? comment est-ce qu'on en est venus à parler de réincarnation?;
    ∎ I'll get right onto it! je vais m'y mettre tout de suite!
    (c) (contact) prendre contact avec, se mettre en rapport avec; (speak to) parler à; (call) téléphoner à, donner un coup de fil à
    (d) familiar (become aware of) découvrir□ ;
    ∎ the plan worked well until the police got onto it le plan marchait bien jusqu'à ce que la police tombe dessus
    (e) (nag, rebuke) harceler;
    ∎ his father is always getting onto him to find a job son père est toujours à le harceler pour qu'il trouve du travail
    ∎ he got onto the school board il a été élu au conseil d'administration de l'école
    (a)
    (b) (cause to talk about) faire parler de, amener à parler de;
    ∎ we got him onto (the subject of) his activities in the Resistance nous l'avons amené à parler de ses activités dans la Résistance
    ➲ get out
    (a) (leave building, room etc) sortir; (leave vehicle) descendre; (leave organization, town) quitter;
    ∎ he got out of the car il est sorti de la voiture;
    ∎ to get out of bed se lever, sortir de son lit;
    ∎ you'd better get out of here tu ferais bien de partir ou sortir;
    ∎ get out! sortez!;
    ∎ get out of here! (leave) sortez d'ici!; American familiar (I don't believe it) mon œil!;
    ∎ to get out while the going is good partir au bon moment
    (b) (go out) sortir;
    ∎ they don't get out much ils ne sortent pas beaucoup
    (c) (be released from prison, hospital) sortir
    (d) (information, news) se répandre, s'ébruiter;
    ∎ the secret got out le secret a été éventé
    (e) (escape) s'échapper;
    ∎ the prisoner got out of his cell le prisonnier s'est échappé de sa cellule;
    ∎ he was lucky to get out alive il a eu de la chance de s'en sortir vivant
    ∎ theaters were getting out les gens sortaient des théâtres
    (a) (bring out → champagne, furniture, books, car) sortir; (person) (faire) sortir;
    ∎ to get a book out from the library emprunter un livre à la bibliothèque
    (b) (produce, publish → book) publier, sortir; (→ list) établir, dresser
    (c) (speak with difficulty) prononcer, sortir;
    ∎ I could barely get a word out c'est à peine si je pouvais dire ou prononcer ou sortir un mot;
    ∎ familiar to get out from under s'en sortir□, s'en tirer□
    (d) (free → hostages etc) libérer
    (e) (remove) enlever; (nail etc) arracher; (cork) retirer; (stain) faire disparaître
    (f) Sport (in cricket → batsman) renverser le guichet à
    (a) (leave → building) sortir de; (car, train) descendre de;
    ∎ let's get out of here partons d'ici;
    ∎ he managed to get out of the country (criminal, refugee) il a réussi à quitter le pays;
    ∎ to get out of bed se lever;
    ∎ to get out of prison/the army sortir de prison/quitter l'armée;
    ∎ to get out of sb's way s'écarter du chemin de qn, faire place à qn;
    ∎ very familiar get the hell out of here! fiche(-moi) le camp!
    (b) (avoid) éviter, échapper à; (obligation) se dérober ou se soustraire à;
    ∎ how did you get out of doing the dishes? comment as-tu pu échapper à la vaisselle?;
    ∎ he tried to get out of helping me il a essayé de se débrouiller pour ne pas devoir m'aider;
    ∎ we have to go, there's no getting out of it il faut qu'on y aille, il n'y a rien à faire ou il n'y a pas moyen d'y échapper;
    ∎ there's no getting out of it, you were the better candidate il faut le reconnaître ou il n'y a pas à dire, vous étiez le meilleur candidat
    ∎ to get out of trouble se tirer d'affaire;
    ∎ they managed to get out of the clutches of the mafia ils ont réussi à se tirer des griffes de la mafia;
    ∎ how can I get out of this mess? comment puis-je me tirer de ce pétrin?
    ∎ to get out of (the habit of) doing sth perdre l'habitude de faire qch
    (a) (take out of) sortir de;
    ∎ get the baby out of the house every now and then sors le bébé de temps en temps;
    ∎ she got a handkerchief out of her handbag elle a sorti un mouchoir de son sac à main;
    ∎ how many books did you get out of the library? combien de livres as-tu emprunté à ou sorti de la bibliothèque?
    ∎ the lawyer got his client out of jail l'avocat a fait sortir son client de prison;
    ∎ figurative the phone call got her out of having to talk to me le coup de fil lui a évité d'avoir à me parler;
    ∎ he'll never get himself out of this one! il ne s'en sortira jamais!;
    ∎ my confession got him out of trouble ma confession l'a tiré d'affaire
    (c) (extract → cork) sortir de; (→ nail, splinter) enlever de; (→ stain) faire partir de, enlever de;
    ∎ I can't get the cork out of the bottle je n'arrive pas à déboucher la bouteille;
    ∎ the police got a confession/the truth out of him la police lui a arraché une confession/la vérité;
    ∎ we got the money out of him nous avons réussi à obtenir l'argent de lui;
    ∎ I can't get anything out of him je ne peux rien tirer de lui;
    ∎ I can't get the idea out of my mind je ne peux pas chasser cette idée de mon esprit
    (d) (gain from) gagner, retirer;
    ∎ to get a lot out of sth tirer (un) grand profit de qch;
    ∎ I didn't get much out of that class ce cours ne m'a pas apporté grand-chose, je n'ai pas retiré grand-chose de ce cours;
    ∎ the job was difficult but she got something out of it la tâche était difficile, mais elle y a trouvé son compte ou en a tiré profit
    (a) (cross → river, street) traverser, franchir; (→ fence, wall) franchir, passer par-dessus
    (b) (recover from → illness) se remettre de, guérir de; (→ accident) se remettre de; (→ loss) se remettre de, se consoler de;
    ∎ I'll never get over her je ne l'oublierai jamais;
    ∎ he can't get over her death il n'arrive pas à se remettre de sa mort ou disparition;
    ∎ we couldn't get over our surprise nous n'arrivions pas à nous remettre de notre surprise;
    ∎ I can't get over how much he's grown! qu'est-ce qu'il a grandi, je n'en reviens pas!;
    ∎ I can't get over it! je n'en reviens pas!;
    ∎ he couldn't get over the fact that she had come back il n'en revenait pas qu'elle soit revenue;
    ∎ I can't get over your having refused je n'en reviens pas que vous ayez refusé;
    ∎ he'll get over it! il n'en mourra pas!
    (c) (master, overcome → obstacle) surmonter; (→ difficulty) surmonter, venir à bout de;
    ∎ they soon got over their shyness ils ont vite oublié ou surmonté leur timidité
    (a) (cause to cross) faire traverser
    (b) (communicate → idea, message) faire passer
    (a) (cross) traverser;
    ∎ to get over to France/America aller en France/Amérique;
    ∎ we'll try to get over next weekend (to visit) nous essayerons de venir vous voir le week-end prochain
    (b) (idea, message) passer
    (finish with) en finir avec;
    ∎ let's get it over with finissons-en;
    ∎ I expect you'll be glad to get it over with j'imagine que vous serez soulagé quand ce sera terminé
    (b) (exhibition, museum) faire le tour de; (corner) passer
    ∎ (bring, take) I'll get the books round (to you) as soon as I can je t'apporterai les livres dès que je le pourrai
    (b) the doctor said she'd get round as soon as she could le docteur a dit qu'elle viendrait ou passerait dès qu'elle pourrait;
    ∎ I didn't manage to get round to each pupil in the class je n'ai pas réussi à m'occuper de chaque élève de la classe
    ∎ the road was blocked and no one could get through la route était bloquée et personne ne pouvait passer;
    ∎ they managed to get through to the wounded ils ont réussi à parvenir jusqu'aux blessés;
    ∎ the letter got through to her la lettre lui est parvenue;
    ∎ the message didn't get through le message n'est pas arrivé;
    ∎ despite the crowds, I managed to get through malgré la foule, j'ai réussi à passer
    (b) (candidate, student → succeed) réussir; (→ in exam) être reçu, réussir;
    ∎ the team got through to the final l'équipe s'est classée pour la finale
    (c) (bill, motion) passer, être adopté ou voté
    (d) (make oneself understood) se faire comprendre;
    ∎ I can't seem to get through to her elle et moi ne sommes pas sur la même longueur d'onde
    (e) (contact) contacter; Telecommunications obtenir la communication;
    ∎ I can't get through to his office je n'arrive pas à avoir son bureau
    (f) American (finish) finir, terminer;
    ∎ call me when you get through appelez-moi quand vous aurez ou avez fini
    (a) (come through → hole, window) passer par; (→ crowd) se frayer un chemin à travers ou dans; (→ military lines) percer, franchir
    (b) (survive → storm, winter) survivre à; (→ difficulty) se sortir de, se tirer de;
    ∎ he got through it alive il s'en est sorti (vivant)
    (c) (complete, finish → book) finir, terminer; (→ job, project) achever, venir à bout de;
    ∎ I got through an enormous amount of work j'ai abattu beaucoup de travail;
    ∎ it took us one week to get through the entire play il nous a fallu une semaine pour venir à bout de la pièce
    (d) (consume, use up) consommer, utiliser;
    ∎ we get through a litre of olive oil a week nous utilisons un litre d'huile d'olive par semaine;
    ∎ they got through their monthly salary in one week en une semaine ils avaient dépensé tout leur salaire du mois;
    ∎ he gets through eight shirts a week il salit huit chemises par semaine;
    ∎ we'll never get through all this food nous ne viendrons jamais à bout de toute cette nourriture
    (e) (endure, pass → time) faire passer;
    ∎ how will I get through this without you? comment pourrai-je vivre cette épreuve sans toi?;
    ∎ they got through the day without a single argument ils ne se sont pas disputés une seule fois de toute la journée;
    ∎ the Government may have difficulty getting through another six months le gouvernement aura peut-être du mal à tenir encore six mois
    (f) (exam) réussir, être reçu à
    (g) (of bill, motion) passer;
    ∎ the bill got through both Houses le projet de loi a été adopté par les deux Chambres
    (a) (transport, send successfully) faire parvenir;
    ∎ they got the food supplies through ils ont réussi à faire parvenir les provisions alimentaires (à destination);
    ∎ to get sth through customs (faire) passer qch à la douane;
    ∎ you'll never get that desk through tu n'arriveras jamais à faire passer ce bureau
    (b) (transmit → message) faire passer, transmettre, faire parvenir;
    ∎ can you get this letter through to my family? pouvez-vous transmettre ou faire parvenir cette lettre à ma famille?
    ∎ I finally got it through to him that I wasn't interested j'ai fini par lui faire comprendre que je n'étais pas intéressé;
    ∎ familiar when will you get it through your thick head that I don't want to go? quand est-ce que tu vas enfin comprendre que je ne veux pas y aller?□
    (d) (bill, motion) faire adopter, faire passer;
    ∎ the party got the bill through the Senate le parti a fait voter ou adopter le projet de loi par le Sénat
    ∎ it was your essay that got you through (the exam) c'est grâce à ta dissertation que tu as réussi l'examen
    ∎ I need four cups of coffee to get me through the day il me faut mes quatre tasses de café par jour
    terminer, finir
    (a) (reach) arriver à;
    ∎ where have you got to? (in book, work) où en es-tu?;
    ∎ it got to the point where he couldn't walk another step il en est arrivé au point de ne plus pouvoir faire un pas
    (b) (deal with) s'occuper de;
    ∎ I'll get to you in a minute je suis à toi ou je m'occupe de toi dans quelques secondes;
    ∎ he'll get to it tomorrow il va s'en occuper demain
    ∎ that music really gets to me (moves me) cette musique me touche vraiment□ ; (annoys me) cette musique me tape sur le système;
    ∎ don't let it get to you! ne t'énerve pas pour ça!
    ∎ they got to the witness (bribed) ils ont acheté le témoin; (killed) ils ont descendu le témoin
    (a) (meet) se réunir, se rassembler;
    ∎ can we get together after the meeting? on peut se retrouver après la réunion?
    (b) (reach an agreement) se mettre d'accord;
    ∎ the committee got together on the date les membres du comité se sont entendus ou se sont mis d'accord sur la date;
    ∎ you'd better get together with him on the proposal vous feriez bien de vous entendre avec lui au sujet de la proposition
    (people) réunir, rassembler; (things) rassembler, ramasser; (thoughts) rassembler;
    ∎ to get some money together réunir une somme d'argent;
    ∎ let me get my thoughts together laissez-moi rassembler mes idées;
    ∎ familiar to get one's act together se secouer;
    ∎ familiar she's really got it together (in life) elle sait ce qu'elle fait□ ; (in job etc) elle domine son sujet□ ;
    ∎ familiar I never thought he would get it together je n'aurais jamais pensé qu'il y arriverait□
    ➲ get up
    (a) (arise from bed) se lever;
    ∎ it was 6 o'clock when we got up il était 6 heures quand nous nous sommes levés;
    ∎ I like to get up late on Sundays j'aime faire la grasse matinée le dimanche;
    ∎ get up! sors du lit!, debout!, lève-toi!
    (b) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;
    ∎ she had to get up from her chair elle a été obligée de se lever de sa chaise;
    ∎ to get up from the table se lever ou sortir de table;
    ∎ get up off the floor! relève-toi!;
    ∎ please don't bother getting up restez assis, je vous prie
    (c) (climb up) monter;
    ∎ they got up on the roof ils sont montés sur le toit;
    ∎ she got up behind him on the motorcycle elle est montée derrière lui sur la moto
    (d) (of wind) se lever
    ∎ get up! allez!
    (stairs) monter; (ladder, tree) monter à; (hill) gravir
    (a) (cause to rise to feet) faire lever; (awaken) réveiller
    (b) (move up) monter;
    ∎ how are we going to get this desk up to the fifth floor? comment allons-nous monter ce bureau jusqu'au cinquième étage?;
    ∎ to get sb up the stairs (help climb) aider qn à monter l'escalier
    (c) (generate, work up)
    ∎ to get up speed gagner de la vitesse;
    ∎ to get one's courage up rassembler son courage;
    ∎ I can't get up any enthusiasm for the job je n'arrive pas à éprouver d'enthousiasme pour ce travail
    (d) familiar (organize → entertainment, party) organiser□, monter□ ; (→ petition) organiser□ ; (→ play) monter□ ; (→ excuse, story) fabriquer□, forger□
    (e) (dress up) habiller; (in costume) déguiser;
    ∎ their children are always so nicely got up leurs enfants sont toujours si bien habillés;
    ∎ to get oneself up se mettre sur son trente et un
    (f) familiar (study → subject) bûcher, travailler□ ; (→ notes, speech) préparer□
    ∎ to get it up bander
    (a) (do) faire;
    ∎ he gets up to all kinds of mischief il fait des tas de bêtises;
    ∎ what have you been getting up to lately? qu'est-ce que tu deviens?
    ∎ I've got up to chapter 5 j'en suis au chapitre 5;
    ∎ where have you got up to? (in book, work) où en êtes-vous?

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > get

  • 7 GANGA

    * * *
    I)
    (geng; gekk, gengum; genginn), v.
    1) to walk (reið jarl, en Karkr gekk);
    2) to go;
    ganga heim, to go home;
    ganga braut, to go away;
    ganga til hvílu, to go to bed;
    ganga á skip, to go on board;
    ganga af skipi, to go ashore;
    with infin., ganga sofa or at sofa, to go to sleep;
    ganga at eiga konu, to marry a woman;
    3) to go about grazing, to graze (kálfrinn gekk í túni um sumarit);
    4) of a ship, to run, sail (gekk skipit brátt út á haf);
    5) to stretch out, extend, project (nes mikit gekk í sæ út);
    6) of report, tales, to be current (litlar sögur megu ganga af hesti mínum);
    gekk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter the French tongue prevailed in E.;
    8) of money, to be current (peningar þeir, sem nú ganga);
    of laws, to be valid (þau lög, er gengu á Uppsalaþingi);
    of sickness, plague, famine, to rage (þá gekk landfarsótt, drepsótt, hallæri);
    9) to go on, last (gnustu þá saman vápnin, ok gekk þat um hríð);
    impers., gekk því lengi, so it went on for a long while;
    10) láta ganga e-t, to let go on;
    láta höggin ganga, to rain blows;
    Birkibeinar létu ganga lúðrana, blew the trumpets vigorously;
    ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do;
    impers., svá þykt, at þeim gekk þar eigi at fara, so close, that they could not go on there;
    þeim gekk ekki fyrir nesit, they could not clear the ness;
    12) to turn out, go in a specified way;
    ganga andæris, to go all wrong;
    gekk þeim lítt atsókinn, they made little progress with the attack;
    impers., e-m gengr vel (illa), one fares (goes on, gets on) well (badly);
    13) with acc., ganga e-n á bak, to force one to go backwards (harm gengr bjöninn á bak);
    14) with dat., to discharge (gekk bann þá blóði);
    15) with preps. and adverbs:
    ganga af e-u, to depart from, leave (þá gekk af honum móðrinn);
    ganga af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits;
    ganga af trú sinni, to apostatize;
    to pass (síðan gengu af páskarnir);
    to go off (gekk þegar af höfuðit);
    to be left as surplus (þat er af skuldinni gekk);
    nú gengr honum hey af, now he has some hay left;
    ganga af sér, to go to extremities, to go beyond oneself (mjök ganga þeir fóstbrœðr nú af sé);
    ganga aptr, to revert (return) to the former proprietor (síðan gengu þau lönd aptr undir Árna);
    to be void, annulled (þá skal kaup aptr ganga);
    of a ghost, to walk again; of a door, to close, shut (gekk eigi aptr hurðin);
    ganga at e-m, to attack one;
    ganga at e-u, to agree to, accept a choice or offer (Flosi gekk fljótt at þessu öllu); to fit (skaltu fá mér lukla þá, sem ganga at kistum yðrum);
    ganga á e-t, to encroach upon (ganga á ríki e-s); to break (ganga á orð sín, eiða, grið, sættir, trygðir); to pierce, penetrate;
    hann var í panzara, er ekki gekk á, that was proof against any weapons;
    ganga á vald e-s or e-m, ganga á hönd (hendr) e-m, to submit to, give oneself up to, surrender to one;
    ganga á bak e-u, to contravene;
    ganga eptir e-u, to go for, go to fetch (göngum heim eptir verðinu); to pursue, claim;
    ganga eptir, to prove true, be fulfilled (þetta gekk allt eptir, sem M. sagði fyrir);
    ganga frá e-u, to part with, lose (sumir munu ganga frá öllu fénu);
    ganga fram, to step forward;
    ganga fram vel, to go forward bravely, in a battle;
    to come to pass, come into execution (skal þess bíða, er þetta gengr fram);
    to increase (fé Hall gerðar gekk fram ok gørðist allmikit);
    to depart this life (H. bóndi gengr fram til frænda sinna);
    ganga fyrir e-n, to present oneself before one (ganga fyrir konung);
    ganga fyrir e-u, to take charge of, manage (var þar mart fólk, en húsbóndi gekk svá fyrir, at ekkert skorti); to yield to, be swayed by (hann gekk þá fyrir fortölum hennar);
    ganga í gegn e-m, to set oneself against one;
    ganga í gegn e-u, to confess, acknowledge;
    maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðst tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away;
    ganga í mál, to undertake a case;
    ganga með e-m (of a woman), to marry;
    ganga með barni, to be with child;
    ganga með burði (of animals), to be with young;
    ganga með e-u, to assist in, plead (ganga með máli, bónorði);
    ganga milli (á m., í m.), to go between, intercede;
    ganga móti (á m., í m.) e-m, to go to meet one;
    ganga móti e-u, to resist, oppose;
    to confess, = ganga í gegn, ganga við e-u;
    ganga nær e-m, to be troublesome to one (þótti hón œrit nær ganga Þórgerði);
    ganga e-m nær, to approach, come near to one (sá hefir á brott komizt, er næst gekk Gunnari um alla hluti);
    ganga saman, to marry;
    of an agreement, bargain, to be brought about;
    saman gekk kaupit með þeim, they came to a bargain;
    ganga sundr (í s.), to go asunder, part;
    ganga til, to go up to a thing (gangit til ok hyggit at); of the wind, to veer (veðrit gekk til útsuðrs);
    en þat gekk mér til þess (that was my reason), at ek ann þér eigi;
    hversu hefir ykkr til gengit, how have you fared?
    Loka gekk lítt til, it fared ill with L.;
    ganga um e-t, to go about a thing;
    ganga um beina, to wait upon guests;
    ganga um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker;
    ganga um e-n, to befall, happen to one (þess, er um margan gengr guma); of the wind, to go round, veer (gekk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim); to manage (fékk hón svá um gengit, at);
    g. undir e-t, to take upon oneself, undertake (a duty);
    ganga undir e-n, to subject oneself to;
    ganga upp, to be wasted (of money);
    to get loose, to he torn loose (þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir á húsinu);
    of a storm, gale, to get up, rise (veðr gekk upp);
    of an ice-bound river, áin var gengin upp, swollen with ice;
    ganga við staf, to walk with a stick;
    ganga við e-u or e-t, to avow;
    ganga yfir e-t, to go beyond, disregard (hann vildi eigi ganga yfir þat, er hann vissi réttast);
    ganga yfir e-n, to overcome, to befall, happen to one;
    slíkt sem yfir hefir gengit, all that has happened;
    eitt skal yfir okkr ganga, we shall share one fate;
    16) refl., gangast.
    f.
    1) walking (hann mœddist í göngu);
    vera í göngu, to be on foot, to walk;
    2) course (ganga tungls, vinds).
    * * *
    pret. gekk or gékk, 2nd pers. gékkt, mod. gékst; pl. gengu, geingu, or géngu, and an old poët. gingu; gengengu in Vsp. 12 is a mere misspelling (vide Sæm. Möb. 258); pres. geng, pl. göngum; pret. subj. gengi (geingi); imperat. gakk and gakktú; with the neg. suffix geng-at, gengr-at, gékk-at, gakk-attu, passim; a middle form göngumk firr, go from me, Gm. 1: a contracted form gá occurs now and then in mod. hymns; it is not vernacular but borrowed from Germ. and Dan.: [cp. Ulf. gaggan; A. S. and Hel. gangan; Scot. and North. E. gang, mod. Engl. go; Dan.-Swed. gange or gå; Germ. gehen; Ivar Aasen ganga: Icel., Scots, and Norsemen have preserved the old ng, which in Germ. and Swed.-Dan. only remains in poetry or in a special sense, e. g. in Germ. compds.]
    A. To go:
    I. to walk; reið jarl en Karkr gékk, Fms. i. 210, Rm. 1, 2, 6, 14, 23, 24, 30, Edda 10, Grág. ii. 95, passim; ganga leiðar sinnar, to go one’s way, Fms. x. 290, Krók. 26: adding acc., g. alla leið, Fms. xi. 202, 299; g. berg, to climb a cliff; g. afréttar, to search the fell-pastures (fjallganga), Háv. 39; also g. ( to climb) í fjall, í kletta, Fms. x. 313: Icel. also say, ganga skó og sokka, to wear out shoes and socks; hann gékk tvenna skó; ganga berserks gang, q. v.
    β. absol. to go a-begging, Grág. i. 226, 232, Ísl. ii. 25; ganga vergang, húsgang, id. (göngumaðr).
    II. adding adverbs, infinitives, adjectives, or the like,
    α. an adverb denoting direction; g. út ok inn, Vkv. 4, Lv. 26; g. inn, Fms. i. 16, vi. 33; g. út, to go out, Lat. exire, Nj. 194; g. aptr, to return, Fms. x. 352; g. fram, to step forward, Hm. 1, Eg. 165; g. upp, to go up, ashore; g. ofan, niðr, to go down; g. heiman, 199; g. heim, to go home; gakk hingat, come hither! 488; g. móti, í gegn e-m, to go against, to meet one; g. braut, to go away; g. til e-s, or at e-m, to go to one; g. frá e-m, to leave one; g. með e-m, to go with one; g. hjá, to pass by; g. saman, to go together; g. yfir, to go over; g. gegnum, to go through; g. undir, to go under; g. undan, fyrir, to go before; g. eptir, to go behind; g. um, to rove, stroll about, and so on passim; g. í sæti, to go to one’s seat, take a seat, Eg. 551; g. til hvílu, to go to bed, Nj. 201; g. til matar, to go to dinner, Sturl. iii. 111, Eg. 483; g. til vinnu, verks, to go to one’s work, cp. Hm. 58; g. í kirkju, to go to church, Rb. 82; g. á fjall, to go on the fells, Hrafn. 34; g. á skip, to go on board, Fms. x. 10; g. af skipi, to go ashore.
    β. with infin., in old poems often dropping ‘at;’ ganga sofa, to go to sleep, Fm. 27; g. at sofa, Hm. 19; g. vega, to go to fight, Vsp. 56, Ls. 15; g. at eiga konu, to go to be married, Grág. i. 318.
    γ. with an adj.; g. hræddr, to be afraid; g. úviss, to be in ignorance, etc., Fms. vii. 271, Sks. 250, 688.
    2. in a more special sense; g. til einvígis, bardaga, to go to a duel, battle, Nj. 64; g. á hólm (hólmganga), Eg. 504, 506; g. á eintal, Nj. 103; g. til máls við e-n, to speak to one, Eg. 199, 764; g. í glímu, to go a-wrestling, Ísl. ii. 246; g. á fang, id., Ld. 206; g. í danz, to go a-dancing; g. til skripta, to go to shrift, Hom. 157; g. at brúðkaupi, to go to be married, Fms. vii. 278; g. í skóla, klaustr, to go to school, go into a cloister (as an inmate), (hence skóla-genginn, a school-man, scholar), Bs. passim; g. í þjónustu, to take service, Nj. 268; g. í lið með e-m, to enter one’s party, side with one, 100; g. í lög, to enter a league with one; g. ór lögum, to go out of a league, passim; g. í félag, ór félagi, id.; g. á mala, to take service as a soldier, 121; g. á hönd, g. til handa, to submit to one as a liegeman, surrender, Eg. 19, 33, Ó. H. 184, Fms. vii. 180; g. á vald e-m, to give oneself up, Nj. 267; g. á hendr e-m, to encroach upon, Ver. 56; g. í skuld, to bail, Grág. i. 232, Dipl. ii. 12; g. í trúnað, to warrant, Fms. xi. 356; g. til trygða, Nj. 166, and g. til griða, to accept truce, surrender, Fas. ii. 556; g. í mál, to enter, undertake a case, Nj. 31; g. í ánauð, to go into bondage, Eg. 8; g. til lands, jarðar, ríkis, arfs, to take possession of …, 118, Stj. 380, Grág., Fms. passim; g. til fréttar, to go to an oracle, take auspices, 625. 89; g. til Heljar, a phrase for to die, Fms. x. 414; g. nær, to go nigh, go close to, press hard on, Ld. 146, 322, Fms. xi. 240 (where reflex.); var sá viðr bæði mikill og góðr því at Þorkell gékk nær, Th. kept a close eye on it, Ld. 316.
    B. Joined with prepp. and adverbs in a metaph. sense:—g. af, to depart from, go off; þá gékk af honum móðrinn ok sefaðisk hann, Edda 28; þá er af honum gékk hamremin, Eg. 125, Eb. 136, Stj. 118; g. af sér, to go out of or beyond oneself; mjök g. þeir svari-bræðr nú af sér, Fbr. 32; í móti Búa er hann gengr af sér ( rages) sem mest, Fb. i. 193; þá gékk mest af sér ranglæti manna um álnir, Bs. i. 135: so in the mod. phrases, g. fram af sér, to overstrain oneself; and g. af sér, to fall off, decay: to forsake, g. af trú, to apostatize, Fms. ii. 213; g. af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits, go mad, Post. 656 C. 31; g. af Guðs boðorðum, Stj. passim: to pass. Páskar g. af, Ld. 200: to be left as surplus (afgangr), Rb. 122, Grág. i. 411, K. Þ. K. 92:—g. aptr, to walk again, of a ghost (aptrganga), Ld. 58, Eb. 278, Fs. 131, 141, passim; and absol., g. um híbýli, to hunt, Landn. 107: to go back, be void, of a bargain, Gþl. 491:—g. at e-m, to go at, attack, Nj. 80, 160: to press on, Grág. i. 51, Dipl. ii. 19 (atgangr): g. at e-u, to accept a choice, Nj. 256; g. at máli, to assist, help, 207: to fit, of a key, lykla þá sem g. at kístum yðrum, Finnb. 234, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N. G. L. i. 383: medic. to ail, e-ð gengr at e-m; ok gengr at barni, and if the bairn ails, 340, freq. in mod. usage of ailment, grief, etc.:—g. á e-t, to go against, encroach upon; ganga á ríki e-s, Fms. i. 2; g. upp á, to tread upon, vii. 166; hverr maðr er ólofat gengr á mál þeirra, who trespasses against their measure, Grág. i. 3: to break, g. á orð, eiða, sættir, trygðir, grið, Finnb. 311, Fms. i. 189, Ld. 234; g. á bak e-u, to contravene, Ísl. ii. 382; ganga á, to go on with a thing, Grág. ii. 363; hence the mod. phrase, mikið gengr á, much going on; hvað gengr á, what is going on? það er farið að g. á það (of a task or work or of stores), it is far advanced, not much left:—g. eptir, to go after, pursue, claim (eptirgangr), Nj. 154, Þórð. 67, Fms. vii. 5; g. eptir e-m, to humour one who is cross, in the phrase, g. eptir e-m með grasið í skónum; vertu ekki að g. eptir stráknum; hann vill láta g. eptir ser (of a spoilt boy, cross fellow): to prove true, follow, hón mælti mart, en þó gékk þat sumt eptir, Nj. 194; eptir gékk þat er mér bauð hugr um, Eg. 21, Fms. x. 211:—g. fram, to go on well in a battle, Nj. 102, 235, Háv. 57 (framgangr): to speed, Nj. 150, Fms. xi. 427: to grow, increase (of stock), fé Hallgerðar gékk fram ok varð allmikit, Nj. 22; en er fram gékk mjök kvikfé Skallagríms, Eg. 136, Vígl. 38: to come to pass, skal þess bíða er þetta gengr fram, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 22: to die, x. 422:—g. frá, to leave (a work) so and so; g. vel frá, to make good work; g. ílla frá, to make bad work; það er ílla frá því gengið, it is badly done:—g. fyrir, to go before, to yield to, to be swayed by a thing; heldr nú við hót, en ekki geng ek fyrir slíku, Fms. i. 305; þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir blíðu en stríðu, ii. 34, Fb. i. 378, Hom. 68; hvárki gékk hann fyrir blíðyrðum né ógnarmálum, Fms. x. 292; hann gékk þá fyrir fortülum hennar, Bs. i. 742: in mod. usage reflex., gangast fyrir íllu, góðu: to give away, tók hann þá at ganga fyrir, Fb. i. 530: Icel. now say, reflex., gangast fyrir, to fall off, from age or the like (vide fyrirgengiligr): to prevent, skal honum þá eigi fyrnska fyrir g., N. G. L. i. 249; þá er hann sekr þrem mörkum nema nauðsyn gangi fyrir, 14; at þeim gangi lögleg forföll fyrir, Gþl. 12:—g. í gegn, to go against, to meet, in mod. usage to deny, and so it seems to be in Gþl. 156; otherwise in old writers it always means the reverse, viz. to avow, confess; maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðsk tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away, Ísl. ii. 331; ef maðr gengr í gegn legorðinu, Grág. i. 340; sá goði er í gegn gékk ( who acknowledged) þingfesti hans, 20; hann iðraðisk úráðs síns, ok gékk í gegn at hann hefði saklausan selt herra sinn, Sks. 584,—this agrees with the parallel phrase, g. við e-t, mod. g. við e-u, to confess, both in old and mod. usage, id.:—g. hjá, to pass by, to waive a thing, Fms. vi. 168:—g. með, to go with one, to wed, marry (only used of a woman, like Lat. nubere), þú hefir þvert tekit at g. með mér, Ld. 262, Sd. 170, Grág. i. 178, Þiðr. 209, Gkv. 2. 27, Fms. xi. 5: medic., g. með barni, to go with child, i. 57; with acc. (barn), Bs. i. 790, and so in mod. usage; a mother says, sama sumarið sem eg gékk með hann (hana) N. N., (meðgöngutími); but dat. in the phrase, vera með barni, to be with child; g. með burði, of animals, Sks. 50, Stj. 70; g. með máli, to assist, plead, Eg. 523, Fms. xi. 105, Eb. 210; g. með e-u, to confess [Dan. medgaae], Stj., but rare and not vernacular:—g. milli, to go between, intercede, esp. as a peacemaker, passim (milli-ganga, meðal-ganga):—g. í móti, to resist, Nj. 90, 159, 171: of the tide, en þar gékk í móti útfalls-straumr, Eg. 600:—g. saman, to go together, marry, Grág. i. 324, Fms. xi. 77: of a bargain, agreement, við þetta gékk saman sættin, Nj. 250; saman gékk kaupit með þeim, 259:—g. sundr, to go asunder, part, and of a bargain, to be broken off, passim:—g. til, to step out, come along; gangit til, ok blótið, 623. 59; gangit til, ok hyggit at, landsmenn, Fms. iv. 282: to offer oneself, to volunteer, Bs. i. 23, 24: the phrase, e-m gengr e-ð til e-s, to purpose, intend; en þat gékk mér til þess ( that was my reason) at ek ann þér eigi, etc., Ísl. ii. 269; sagði, at honum gékk ekki ótrúnaðr til þessa, Fms. x. 39; gékk Flosa þat til, at …, Nj. 178; gengr mér meirr þat til, at ek vilda firra vini mína vandræðum, Fms. ii. 171; mælgi gengr mér til, ‘tis that I have spoken too freely, Orkn. 469, Fms. vi. 373, vii. 258: to fare, hversu hefir ykkr til gengið, how have you fared? Grett. 48 new Ed.; Loka gékk lítt til, it fared ill with L., Fb. i. 276: mod., þat gékk svá til, it so happened, but not freq., as bera við is better, (tilgangr, intention):—g. um e-t, to go about a thing; g. um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker, Fms. v. 156; g. um beina, to attend guests, Nj. 50, passim: to manage, fékk hón svá um gengit, Grett. 197 new Ed.; hversu þér genguð um mitt góðs, 206: to spread over, in the phrase, má þat er um margan gengr; þess er um margan gengr guma, Hm. 93: to veer, go round, of the wind, gékk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim, the wind went round and a gale met them, Bs. i. 775:—g. undan, to go before, escape, Ver. 15, Fms. vii. 217, Blas. 49: to be lost, wasted, jafnmikit sem undan gékk af hans vanrækt, Gþl. 338: to absent oneself, eggjuðusk ok báðu engan undan g., Fms. x. 238:—g. undir, to undertake a duty, freq.: to set, of the sun, Rb. 468, Vígl. (in a verse): to go into one’s possession, power, Fms. vii. 207;—g. upp, to be wasted, of money, Fær. 39, Fms. ix. 354: of stones or earth-bound things, to get loose, be torn loose, þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir í húsinu, Landn. 185; flest gékk upp þat sem fyrir þeim varð, Háv. 40, Finnb. 248; ok gékk ór garðinum upp ( was rent loose) garðtorfa frosin, Eb. 190: to rise, yield, when summoned, Sturl. iii. 236: of a storm, gale, to get up, rise, veðr gékk upp at eins, Grett. 94, Bárð. 169; gengr upp stormr hinn sami, Bs. ii. 50: of an ice-bound river, to swell, áin var ákafliga mikil, vóru höfuðísar at báðum-megin, en gengin upp ( swoln with ice) eptir miðju, Ld. 46, Fbr. 20 new Ed., Bjarn. 52; vötnin upp gengin, Fbr. 114; áin var gengin upp ok íll yfirferðar, Grett. 134:—g. við, in the phrase, g. við staf, to go with a staff, rest on it: with dat., g. við e-u, to avow (vide ganga í gegn above):—g. yfir, to spread, prevail, áðr Kristnin gengi yfir, Fms. x. 273; hétu á heiðin goð til þess at þau léti eigi Kristnina g. yfir landit, Bs. i. 23: the phrase, láta eitt g. yfir báða, to let one fate go over both, to stand by one another for weal and woe; hefi ek því heitið honum at eitt skyldi g. yfir okkr bæði, Nj. 193, 201, 204, Gullþ. 8: so in the saying, má þat er yfir margan gengr, a common evil is easier to bear, Fbr. 45 new Ed. (vide um above); muntu nú verða at segja slíkt sem yfir hefir gengið, all that has happened, Fms. xi. 240; þess gengr ekki yfir þá at þeir vili þeim lengr þjóna, they will no longer serve them, come what may, Orkn. 84: to overrun, tyrannize over, þeir vóru ójafnaðar menn ok ganga þar yfir alla menn, Fms. x. 198 (yfirgangr): to transgress, Hom. 109: to overcome, þótti öllum mönnum sem hann mundi yfir allt g., Fms. vii. 326: a naut. term, to dash over, as spray, áfall svá mikit at yfir gékk þegar skipit, Bs. i. 422; hence the metaph. phrase, g. yfir e-n, to be astonished; það gengr yfir mig, it goes above me, I am astonished.
    C. Used singly, of various things:
    1. of cattle, horses, to graze (haga-gangr); segja menn at svín hans gengi á Svínanesi, en sauðir á Hjarðarnesi, Landn. 124, Eg. 711; kálfrinn óx skjótt ok gékk í túni um sumarit, Eb. 320; Freyfaxi gengr í dalnum fram, Hrafn. 6; þar var vanr at g. hafr um túnit, Nj. 62; þar var til grass (görs) at g., Ld. 96, Grág. passim; gangandi gripr, cattle, beasts, Bjarn. 22; ganganda fé, id., Sturl. i. 83, Band. 2, Ísl. ii. 401.
    2. of shoals of fish, to go up, in a river or the like (fiski-ganga, -gengd); vötn er netnæmir fiskar g. í, Grág. i. 149; til landauðnar horfði í Ísafirði áðr fiskr gékk upp á Kvíarmiði, Sturl. ii. 177; fiskr er genginn inn ór álum, Bb. 3. 52.
    3. of the sun, stars, vide B. above, (sólar-gangr hæstr, lengstr, and lægstr skemstr = the longest and shortest day); áðr sól gangi af Þingvelli, Grág. i. 24; því at þar gékk eigi sól af um skamdegi, Landn. 140, Rb. passim:—of a thunder-storm, þar gékk reiði-duna með eldingu, Fb. iii. 174:—of the tide, stream, water, vide B. above, eða gangi at vötn eða skriður, K. Þ. K. 78.
    4. of a ship, gékk þá skipit mikit, Eg. 390, Fms. vi. 249; létu svá g. suðr fyrir landit, Eg. 78; lét svá g. suðr allt þar til er hann sigldi í Englands-haf, Ó. H. 149; réru nótt ok dag sem g. mátti, Eg. 88; gékk skipit brátt út á haf, Ó. H. 136.
    β. to pass; kvað engi skip skyldi g. (go, pass) til Íslands þat sumar, Ld. 18.
    II. metaph. to run out, stretch out, project, of a landscape or the like; gengr haf fyrir vestan ok þar af firðir stórir, Eg. 57; g. höf stór ór útsjánum inn í jörðina; haf (the Mediterranean) gengr af Njörva-sundum (the Straits of Gibraltar), Hkr. i. 5; nes mikit gékk í sæ út, Eg. 129, Nj. 261; í gegnum Danmörk gengr sjór (the Baltic) í Austrveg, A. A. 288; fyrir austan hafs-botn þann (Bothnia) er gengr til móts við Gandvík (the White Sea), Orkn. begin.: frá Bjarmalandi g. lönd til úbygða, A. A. 289; Europa gengr allt til endimarka Hispaniae, Stj. 83; öllum megin gengr at henni haf ok kringir um hana, 85; þessi þinghá gékk upp ( extended) um Skriðudal, Hrafn. 24: of houses, af fjósi gékk forskáli, Dropl. 28.
    2. to spread, branch out; en af því tungurnar eru ólíkar hvár annarri, þær þegar, er ór einni ok hinni sömu hafa gengit eða greinzt, þá þarf ólíka stafi í at hafa, Skálda (Thorodd) 160: of a narrative, gengr þessi saga mest af Sverri konungi, this story goes forth from him, i. e. relates to, tells of him, Fb. ii. 533; litlar sögur megu g. af hesti mínum, Nj. 90; um fram alla menn Norræna þá er sögur g. frá, Fms. i. 81.
    III. to take the lead, prevail; gékk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter (i. e. after the Conquest) the Welsh tongue prevailed in England, Ísl. ii. 221; ok þar allt sem Dönsk tunga gengi, Fms. xi. 19; meðan Dönsk tunga gengr, x. 179:—of money, to be current, hundrað aura þá er þá gengu í gjöld, Dropl. 16; eigi skulu álnar g. aðrar en þessar, Grág. i. 498; í þenna tíð gékk hér silfr í allar stórskuldir, 500, Fms. viii. 270; eptir því sem gengr ( the course) flestra manna í millum, Gþl. 352:—of laws, to be valid, ok var nær sem sín lög gengi í hverju fylki, Fms. iv. 18; Óðinn setti lög í landi sínu þau er gengit höfðu fyrr með Ásum, Hkr. i. 13; þeirra laga er gengu á Uppsala-þingi, Ó. H. 86; hér hefir Kristindóms-bálk þann er g. skal, N. G. L. i. 339; sá siðr er þá gékk, Fb. i. 71, (vide ganga yfir):—of sickness, plague, famine, to rage, þá gékk landfarsótt, bóla, drepsótt, hallæri, freq.; also impers., gékk því hallæri um allt Ísland, Bs. i. 184; mikit hallæri ok hart gékk yfir fólkið, 486, v. l.; gékk sóttin um haustið fyrir sunnan land; þá gékk mest plágan fyrri, Ann. 1402, 1403.
    IV. to go on, last, in a bad sense, of an evil; tókst síðan bardagi, ok er hann hafði gengit um hríð, Fs. 48: impers., hefir þessu gengit ( it has gone on) marga manns-aldra, Fms. i. 282; gékk því lengi, so it went on a long while, Grett. 79 new Ed.; gékk þessu enn til dags, Nj. 272; ok gékk því um hríð, 201; ok gékk því allan þann dag, Fms. vii. 147; lát því g. í allt sumar, xi. 57; gengr þessu þar til er …, Fb. i. 258.
    V. denoting violence; létu g. bæði grjót ok vápn, Eg. 261; létu þá hvárir-tveggju g. allt þat er til vápna höfðu, Fms. ix. 44; láta höggin g., to let it rain blows, Úlf. 12. 40; háðung, spottyrði, hróp ok brigzl hver lét með öðrum g. á víxl, Pass. 14. 3, (vápna-gangr); Birkibeinar róa þá eptir, ok létu g. lúðrana, and sounded violently the alarum, Fms. ix. 50, (lúðra-gangr); láta dæluna g., to pour out bad language, vide dæla.
    VI. to be able to go on, to go, partly impers.; ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do, Fms. vi. 284; svá þykt at þeim gékk þar ekki at fara, they stood so close that they could not proceed there, Nj. 247; þá nam þar við, gékk þá eigi lengra, there was a stop; then it could go no farther, Fms. xi. 278; leiddu þeir skipit upp eptir ánni, svá sem gékk, as far as the ship could go, as far as the river was navigable, Eg. 127: esp. as a naut. term, impers., e. g. þeim gékk ekki fyrir nesið, they could not clear the ness; þá gengr eigi lengra, ok fella þeir þá seglið, Bs. i. 423; at vestr gengi um Langanes, 485, v. l.
    VII. with adverbs; g. létt, fljótt, to go smoothly; g. þungt, seint, to go slowly; oss munu öll vápna-viðskipti þungt g. við þá, Nj. 201; þungt g. oss nú málaferlin, 181; gékk þeim lítt atsóknin, Stj. 385; at þeim feðgum hefði þá allir hlutir léttast gengit, Bs. i. 274; seint gengr, Þórir, greizlan, Ó. H. 149; g. betr, verr, to get the better, the worse; gékk Ribbungum betr í fyrstu, Fms. ix. 313; gengu ekki mjök kaupin, the bargain did not go well, Nj. 157, cp. ganga til (B. above):—to turn out, hversu g. mundi orrostan, 273; gékk þá allt eptir því sem Hallr hafði sagt, 256; ef kviðir g. í hag sækjanda, if the verdict goes for the plaintiff, Grág. i. 87; þótti þetta mál hafa gengit at óskum, Dropl. 14; mart gengr verr en varir, a saying, Hm. 39; þykir honum nú at sýnu g. ( it seems to him evident) at hann hafi rétt hugsað, Fms. xi. 437; g. andæris, to go all wrong, Am. 14; g. misgöngum, to go amiss, Grág. i. 435; g. e-m í tauma, to turn false ( crooked); þat mun mér lítt í tauma g. er Rútr segir, Nj. 20; g. ofgangi, to go too high, Fms. vii. 269.
    VIII. of a blow or the like; hafði gengit upp á miðjan fetann, the axe went in up to the middle of the blade, Nj. 209; gékk þegar á hol, 60; gékk í gegnum skjöldinn, 245, Fb. i. 530.
    IX. of law; láta próf g., to make an enquiry; láta vátta g., to take evidence, D. N.
    X. to be gone, be lost; gékk hér með holdit niðr at beini, the flesh was torn off, Fb. i. 530: esp. in pass. part. genginn, dead, gone, eptir genginn guma, Hm. 71; moldar-genginn, buried, Sl. 60; hel-genginn, 68; afli genginn, gone from strength, i. e. powerless, Skv. 3. 13.
    β. gone, past; gengið er nú það görðist fyr, a ditty; mér er gengið heimsins hjól, gone for me is the world’s wheel ( luck), a ditty.
    XI. used as transit. with acc.; hann gengr björninn á bak aptr, he broke the bear’s back in grappling with him, Finnb. 248; ok gengr hana á bak, ok brýtr í sundr í henni hrygginn, Fb. i. 530.
    2. medic. with dat. to discharge; ganga blóði, to discharge blood (Dan. blodgang), Bs. i. 337, 383; Arius varð bráðdauðr ok gékk ór sér öllum iðrum, Ver. 47.
    D. REFLEX.:
    I. singly, gangask, to be altered, to change, be corrupted; gangask í munni, of tradition; var þat löng ævi, ok vant at sögurnar hefði eigi gengisk í munni, Ó. H. pref.; má því eigi þetta mál í munni gengisk hafa, Fb. ii. Sverr. S. pref.; ok mættim vér ráða um nokkut, at málit gengisk, that the case could miscarry, be lost, Glúm. 380:—láta gangask, to let pass. waive; lét Páll þá g. þá hluti er áðr höfðu í millum staðit, Sturl. i. 102; ef þú lætr eigi g. þat er ek kref þik, Fms. xi. 61.
    2. e-m gengsk hugr við e-t, to change one’s mind, i. e. to be moved to compassion, yield; sótti hón þá svá at honum gékksk hugr við, Eb. 264; þá gékksk Þorgerði hugr við harma-tölur hans, Ld. 232; ok mun honum g. hugr við þat, svá at hann mun fyrirgefa þér, Gísl. 98; nú sem hann grét, gékksk Ísak hugr við, Stj. 167; er sendimaðr fann at Birni gékksk hugr við féit, Ó. H. 194; við slíkar fortölur hennar gékksk Einari hugr (E. was swayed) til ágirni, Orkn. 24.
    II. with prepp. (cp. B. above); gangask at, to ‘go at it,’ engage in a fight; nú gangask þeir at fast, Dropl. 24, Ísl. ii. 267; gengusk menn at sveitum, of wrestlers, they wrestled one with another in sections (Dan. flokkevis), Glúm. 354; þeir gengusk at lengi, Finnb. 248:—gangask fyrir, vide B. above:—gangask í gegn, at móti, to stand against, fight against; at vér látim ok eigi þá ráða er mest vilja í gegn gangask (i. e. the extreme on each side), Íb. 12, cp. Fms. ii. 241; at þeir skipaði til um fylkingar sínar, hverjar sveitir móti skyldi g., i. e. to pair the combatants off, ix. 489; þeir risu upp ok gengusk at móti, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii. 15:—g. nær, to come to close quarters (Lat. cominus gerere), Nj. 176, Fms. xi. 240:—gangask á, to dash against one another, to split; á gengusk eiðar, the oaths were broken, Vsp. 30: to be squared off against one another, sú var görð þeirra, at á gengusk vígin húskarlanna, Rd. 288; ekki er annars getið en þeir léti þetta á gangask, i. e. they let it drop, Bjarn. 47; gangask fyrir, to fall off, Fms. iii. 255:—gangask við, to grow, gain strength; áðr en við gengisk hans bæn, before his prayer should be fulfilled, x. 258; ef þat er ætlað at trúa þessi skuli við g., Nj. 162; hétu þeir fast á guðin, at þau skyldi eigi láta við garrgask Kristniboð Ólafs konungs, Fms. ii. 32; þetta gékksk við um öll þau fylki, vii. 300; mikit gékksk Haraldr við (H. grew fast) um vöxt ok afl, Fb. i. 566; Eyvindr hafði mikið við gengizk um menntir, E. had much improved himself in good breeding, Hrafn. 24; vildi hann prófa hvárr þeirra meira hafði við gengisk, which of them had gained most strength, Grett. 107: to be in vogue, in a bad sense, ok löngum við gengisk öfund ok rangindi, Fms. i. 221, cp. Pass. 37. 7:—gangask ór stað, to be removed, Fms. xi. 107.
    III. in the phrase, e-m gengsk vel, ílla, it goes well, ill with one, Hom. 168, Am. 53; ílls gengsk þér aldri, nema …, the evil will never leave thee, thou wilt never be happy, unless …, 65.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > GANGA

См. также в других словарях:

  • Nuclear power phase-out — A nuclear power plant at Grafenrheinfeld, Germany. Chancellor Angela Merkel s coalition announced on May 30, 2011, that Germany’s 17 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022, in a policy reversal following Japan s Fukushima Daiichi… …   Wikipedia

  • Germany — /jerr meuh nee/, n. a republic in central Europe: after World War II divided into four zones, British, French, U.S., and Soviet, and in 1949 into East Germany and West Germany; East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. 84,068,216; 137,852 sq.… …   Universalium

  • South African contract law — is essentially a modernised version of the Roman Dutch law of contract, [1] which is itself rooted in Roman law. In the broadest definition, a contract is an agreement entered into by two or more parties with the serious intention of creating a… …   Wikipedia

  • List of monsters in Code Lyoko — This is a list of monsters in the French animated television series Code Lyoko . For the most part, the monsters are created by Xana to fight the Lyoko warriors on his behalf. Xana s monsters To defend his towers and to battle the group in Lyoko …   Wikipedia

  • List of The Transformers episodes — This is a list containing the episodes of The Transformers, an animated television series depicting a war among giant robots who could transform into vehicles, other objects and animals. Written and recorded in America, the series was animated in …   Wikipedia

  • literature — /lit euhr euh cheuhr, choor , li treuh /, n. 1. writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest, are characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays. 2.… …   Universalium

  • ethics — /eth iks/, n.pl. 1. (used with a sing. or pl. v.) a system of moral principles: the ethics of a culture. 2. the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group, culture, etc.: medical ethics;… …   Universalium

  • France — /frans, frahns/; Fr. /frddahonns/, n. 1. Anatole /ann nann tawl /, (Jacques Anatole Thibault), 1844 1924, French novelist and essayist: Nobel prize 1921. 2. a republic in W Europe. 58,470,421; 212,736 sq. mi. (550,985 sq. km). Cap.: Paris. 3.… …   Universalium

  • Hermeneutics — Gadamer and Ricoeur G.B.Madison THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: ROMANTIC HERMENEUTICS Although the term ‘hermeneutics’ (hermeneutica) is, in its current usage, of early modern origin,1 the practice it refers to is as old as western civilization itself …   History of philosophy

  • The Idler (1758–1760) — This article is about the 18th century series of essays. For other publications called The Idler, see The Idler (disambiguation). The Idler was a series of 103 essays, all but twelve of them by Samuel Johnson, published in the London weekly the… …   Wikipedia

  • UNITED STATES OF AMERICA — UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, country in N. America. This article is arranged according to the following outline: introduction Colonial Era, 1654–1776 Early National Period, 1776–1820 German Jewish Period, 1820–1880 East European Jewish Period,… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»